<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-614362035944619852</id><updated>2011-08-15T14:10:48.850-07:00</updated><title type='text'>The Santiago Enigma - quest continued ...</title><subtitle type='html'>Continuing the in-depth quest on the true History of Saint James and The real Santiago Enigma.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://the-santiago-enigma-continued.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/614362035944619852/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://the-santiago-enigma-continued.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>pelgrim Geert</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11858320793403286238</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='28' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6260/1568/1600/GB%20receptie3.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>1</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-614362035944619852.post-3287350106297948089</id><published>2009-09-14T02:05:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-14T15:39:13.623-07:00</updated><title type='text'>The Santiago Enigma - quest continued ...</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pilgrimage-to-santiago.com/board/search.php?author_id=2623&amp;amp;sr=posts"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Search user’s posts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;on the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a accesskey="h" class="icon-home" href="http://www.pilgrimage-to-santiago.com/board/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;Camino de Santiago Forum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 116%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: magenta;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Pilgrimage is of all people, faiths, sferes and ages - for hunters, gatherers and smorgasbordians:&lt;br /&gt;Er is geen weg naar de vrede; vrede is de weg - Simon Vinkenoog&lt;br /&gt;Truth is a pathless land - Jiddu Krishnamurti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Update 20110815&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Which Priscillian or Priscilien? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;See &lt;a href="http://mitchtestone.blogspot.com/2008_10_12_archive.html"&gt;http://mitchtestone.blogspot.com/2008_10_12_archive.html&lt;/a&gt; - [Briciljan = Priscillian?] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;“The forest around the legendary castle  of Muntsalvaesche was called Briciljan. Near Montsegur is a small forest called the Priscilien Wood.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.champagnat.org/en/210601001.htm"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Marist places&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="slicetext"&gt;f) &lt;b&gt;The relics of St Priscilien&lt;/b&gt; In front of the tomb of Fr François we have the remains of St Priscilien, a martyr of the fourth century. - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sliceurl"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.champagnat.org/en/210601001.htm"&gt;www.champagnat.org/en/210601001.htm&lt;/a&gt; - &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.champagnat.org/en/220100000.htm" target="_blank" title="blocked::http://www.champagnat.org/en/220100000.htm"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span title="blocked::http://www.champagnat.org/en/220100000.htm"&gt;http://www.champagnat.org/en/220100000.htm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black;"&gt; - Who we are - St. Marcellin Champagnat, a priest from France , founded the Congregation of the Marist Teaching Brothers in 1817. Worldwide, there are more than 4300 of us working in 76 countries on 5 continents. We directly share our mission and spirituality with more than 40,000 laypeople, and together we are educating close to 500,000 children and young people.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.champagnat.org/en/221000000.htm" target="_blank" title="blocked::http://www.champagnat.org/en/221000000.htm"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span title="blocked::http://www.champagnat.org/en/221000000.htm"&gt;http://www.champagnat.org/en/221000000.htm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt; &lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;- General House - EUR - Rome , Italy – Welcome to the General House of the Marist Brothers in Rome - You are in the General House, the centre of communion for all Marist communities in the world, and residence of the Superior General and his Council. The General House was in the beginning at the Hermitage (1825), then moved to Saint Genis Laval (1858). Both of these are in France , but when the brothers were expelled from that country, it was established at Grugliasco (1903), in the north of Italy . It was relocated to Saint Genis at the beginning of the Second World War. The property on which the present General House stands in Rome ( 55.000 m2 ), is situated in the area designated for the "Exposición Universal Romana” (EUR). The building, constructed on the foundations of what was to be the Fascist "Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry,” was inaugurated in 1961.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Question:&amp;nbsp; Are &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Priscillian and Priscilien&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; the same?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;update July 2010&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In a christian (book) shop in The Hague:&lt;br /&gt;Is there a book on the essence of &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;The Santiago Enigma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;? - No!&lt;br /&gt;Will such a book ever be written? - No!&lt;br /&gt;Isn't that very strange? - Yes!&lt;br /&gt;Why are you so sure about this? - I talked about it to bishops in North and South America.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;-----------------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;... on the early history of Saint James/Jacobus/Jacob, following:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pilgrimage-to-santiago.com/board/miscellaneous-about-santiago/topic3794.html#p20649"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pilgrimage-to-santiago.com/board/miscellaneous-about-santiago/topic3794.html#p20649"&gt;The Santiago Enigma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pilgrimage-to-santiago.com/board/miscellaneous-about-santiago/topic3794.html#p20649"&gt; :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pilgrimage-to-santiago.com/board/miscellaneous-about-santiago/topic3794.html#p20649"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 116%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;How jewish Ja'akov became roman Jacobus and catholic James&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pilgrimage-to-santiago.com/board/spirituality-and-religion/topic6628.html#p38839"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;History of Saint James&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt; :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pilgrimage-to-santiago.com/board/spirituality-and-religion/topic6628.html#p38839"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Would the simple answer be: there is no answer?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://pilgrimsplaza-de-ware-jacob.blogspot.com/2009/08/pilgrimsplaza-de-ware-jacob.html"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;De ware Jacob - The true James &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Main question still open&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://king-early-days.blogspot.com/2008/03/santiago-enigma.html"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;The Santiago Enigma - the early days&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt; :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://king-early-days.blogspot.com/2008/03/santiago-enigma.html"&gt; &lt;span style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://king-early-days.blogspot.com/2008/03/santiago-enigma.html"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;The disciples were called Christians first at Antioch. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://king-early-days.blogspot.com/"&gt;http://king-early-days.blogspot.com &lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; Anybody can watch something very special in the Pórtico de la Gloria at Santiago de Compostela. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;last edited on 16-10-2009 at 19:11&lt;/span&gt; - &lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;home: &lt;a href="http://www.pelgrimspaden.nl/"&gt;http://www.pelgrimspaden.nl/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Quotes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*1&lt;/span&gt; Christentum eine Tochter der jüdischen Religion&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*2&lt;/span&gt; Paulus nennt den Jakobus als „Säule"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*3&lt;/span&gt; Damit ist der Judaismus entstanden&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*4&lt;/span&gt; So endigte das Judenchristentum&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*5&lt;/span&gt; Paul as Missionary to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiles" title="Gentiles"&gt;Gentiles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*6&lt;/span&gt; Brennpunkt antichristlicher Apologetik&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*7&lt;/span&gt; bindende leeruitspraken: &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma"&gt;dogma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*8&lt;/span&gt; the Church is simply called "the Church" &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*9 &lt;/span&gt;matters of methodology and chronology &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*10&lt;/span&gt; Jacobus, de "oudere stiefbroer” van Jezus&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*11 &lt;/span&gt;volgelingen Jezus in &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochi%C3%AB" title="Antiochië"&gt;Antiochië&lt;/a&gt; christenen genoemd&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*12&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_%28apostel%29" title="Paulus (apostel)"&gt;Paulus&lt;/a&gt; vaak als 13de apostel gerekend&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #009900;"&gt; Bible quotes&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*14&lt;/span&gt; Summarized in a few paragraphes it all boils down to this&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*15&lt;/span&gt; voordat het apostelschap werd ingevoerd&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*16&lt;/span&gt; vereenzelviging Jakobus met andere &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobus" title="Jakobus"&gt;Jakobussen&lt;/a&gt; omstreden&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*17&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrief" title="Apocrief"&gt;apocriefe&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie_van_Thomas" title="Evangelie van Thomas"&gt;Evangelie van Thomas&lt;/a&gt; logion 12&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*18&lt;/span&gt; apostel Jakobus is niet dezelfde als &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobus_de_Rechtvaardige" title="Jakobus de Rechtvaardige"&gt;Jakobus de Rechtvaardige&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*19&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_van_Sint_Jacob_in_Holland" title="Orde van Sint Jacob in Holland"&gt;Orde van Sint Jacob in Holland&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #44444f; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; De brief van Jakobus: de stiefapostel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*21&lt;/span&gt; Am Fluss Jabbok angekommen&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*22&lt;/span&gt; Ebionieten waren zowel joods als christelijk&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*23&lt;/span&gt; that apostle was brought here only after his death&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*24&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pilgrimagetoheresy.com/who_was_priscillian"&gt;Priscillian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*25&lt;/span&gt; OT Jacob and the various NT Jameses &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*26&lt;/span&gt; Jesus ben Sirach in Ecclesiasticus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*27&lt;/span&gt; Jakob&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;s &lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;large family tree &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*28 &lt;/span&gt;Verschillen Westers en Oosters christendom&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;*29 James the Just and Christian Origins&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*30&lt;/span&gt; The first used of James in place of Jacob&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*31 Jacob&lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on" style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;s Ladder&lt;/span&gt; by Mark Chagall&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*32&lt;/span&gt; EUdict (European dictionary) collection online dictionaries&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*33 &lt;/span&gt;three obstacles to the reconstruction of early Christian history &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;* 34 "It is all a part of one and the same great truth!" &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;style&gt; v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} &lt;/style&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="City" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="place" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="metricconverter" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="PersonName" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;style&gt; st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal  {mso-style-parent:""; 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font-weight: bold;"&gt;Anfänge unserer Religion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;"Christentum eine Tochter der jüdischen Religion"&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" path=" m@4@5 l@4@11@9@11@9@5 xe" preferrelative="t" spt="75" stroked="f"&gt;&lt;v:stroke joinstyle="miter"&gt;&lt;v:formulas&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:path connecttype="rect" extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t"&gt;&lt;o:lock aspectratio="t" ext="edit"&gt;&lt;/o:lock&gt;&lt;/v:path&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:formulas&gt;&lt;/v:stroke&gt;&lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape alt="" id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"&gt;&lt;v:imagedata href="http://ia310816.us.archive.org/GnuBook/GnuBookImages.php?zip=/3/items/dieanfngeunser00wernuoft/dieanfngeunser00wernuoft_jp2.zip&amp;amp;file=dieanfngeunser00wernuoft_jp2/dieanfngeunser00wernuoft_0007.jp2&amp;amp;scale=8" src="file:///M:%5CWINDOWS%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.jpg"&gt;&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.archive.org/details/dieanfngeunser00wernuoft"&gt;http://www.archive.org/details/dieanfngeunser00wernuoft&lt;/a&gt; - Die Anfänge unserer Religion (1901) - Author: &lt;a href="http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Wernle%2C%20Paul%2C%201872-%22"&gt;Wernle, Paul, 1872&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.archive.org/stream/dieanfngeunser00wernuoft/dieanfngeunser00wernuoft_djvu.txt"&gt;www.archive.org/stream/dieanfngeunser00wernuoft/dieanfngeunser00wernuoft_djvu.txt&lt;/a&gt; - Full text of "&lt;a href="http://www.archive.org/details/dieanfngeunser00wernuoft"&gt;Die Anfänge unserer Religion&lt;/a&gt;" - Vorwort. - Das vorliegende Buch ist aus meiner Vorlesung über NTliche Theologie im Sommer 1900 entstanden, will aber bei weitem nicht wetteifern mit einem Lehrbuch der NTlichen Theologie. Als ich meine Vorlesung ausarbeitete, hatte ich das einzige Ziel, den Zuhörern einen klaren Begriff vom Wesen des Evangeliums und seinen grossen Veränderungen bis zur Entstehung des Katholizismus zu geben. [---] Inhalt: [---] Die Entstehung der Religion 23-286 [---] II. Die Urgemeinde 71-95 [---] 3. Jesus unter den Heiden 105 — 134 [---]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;[---] &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Die Voraussetzungen. 1. Der antike Volksglaube.&lt;/span&gt; So gewiss auch das Christentum eine Tochter der jüdischen Rehgion ist, so streckt es doch seine Wurzeln weit hinab in jenes Gebiet, das wir den antiken Volksglauben nennen können, weil die Besonderheiten der einzelnen Religionen hier noch verschwinden. Dahin gehört die ganze Vorstellungswelt von Erde und Natur, Mensch und Seele und das Geisterreich, die einst vor dem Erwachen der Wissenschaft geherrscht hat und dann in unermüdlichem Kampf mit der Wissenschaft bis in die Gegenwart unter uns lebt. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;[73] Ganz klar spricht hier der Vertrag von Jerusalem (Gal 2): Jakobus, Kephas, Johannes, die Säulenapostel, erklären : wir bleiben bei der Judenmission.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;[74] &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Die Entstehung der Religion. II. Die Urgemeinde.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;[---] Neben den Zwölf trat frühzeitig eine Autorität ganz anderer Art auf: die Brüder, überhaupt die Familie Jesu. Bei seinen Lebzeiten ungläubig oder doch skeptisch, werden sie erst nach seinem Tod von der Würde ihres Bruders überzeugt. Er erschien dem Jakobus. Dies Ereignis gab ihm und der ganzen Familie sofort eine Stellung an der Spitze der Gemeinde. &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*2 &lt;/span&gt;Paulus nennt den Jakobus, den Herrenbruder, einmal neben Petrus, das andere Mal als „Säule" mit Petrus und Johannes zusammen, also als apostelgleiche Autorität. Aber nicht der Missionsberuf — die Verwandtschaft war hier das Ausschlaggebende. Die Verehrung Jesu übertrug sich wie von selbst auf seine leiblichen Verwandten, und diese wieder Hessen es sich gern gefallen , an der Ehre des hohen Bruders teilzunehmen.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Apostel und Brüder Jesu sind fast rivalisierende Grössen geworden. Es bildet sich eine Dynastie Jesu aus in Jerusalem. Nach dem Tode des Jakobus wählt man einen Vetter Jesu zum Nachfolger; so geht es fort. Das war kein Glück für die Gemeinde. Jakobus war von allem Freien seines Bruders unberührt geblieben und hatte aus seinen Erfahrungen nichts gelernt. Die unheimHche Richtung des Judaismus hat an ihm ihr Haupt gefunden. Jene Fanatiker, die den Petrus in Antiochia so einschüchterten, dass er die Tischgemein­schaft mit seinen Heiden-christlichen Brüdern abbrach, waren „Leute von Jakobus her". Zum Glück sind doch Kämpfe um die Nachfolge des „Herrn", wie sie die älteste Geschichte des Islam kennt, der Gemeinde erspart gebHeben. Aber Jakobus war an dem hohen Flug des Heidenapostels das hemmende Element.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Apostel und Brüder zusammen waren die Autoritäten der Tradition. Ihnen gesellten sich die Träger des Neuen zur Seite, deren Würde auf einer besonderen psychischen Begabung und auf der religiösen Begeisterung ruhte, die Propheten.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal  {mso-style-parent:"";  margin:0cm;  margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1  {size:612.0pt 792.0pt;  margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt;  mso-header-margin:35.4pt;  mso-footer-margin:35.4pt;  mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1  {page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;[94] Barnabas und Paulus haben kurzweg das Gesetz für die herzutretenden Heiden ausser Kurs gesetzt und allein den Glauben an Jesus als Eintrittsbedingung gefordert. In Jerusalem erfuhr man die grosse Neuerung erst, als man vor dem fait accompli stand; man erfuhr sie aus gehässiger Quelle, von engen, dem Pharisäismus nahe stehenden Brüdern. Was nun?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Hier sondern sich die Wege in der noch so jungen Gemeinde. Zunächst zwar einigten sich die Häupter Jakobus, Petrus, Johannes mit Paulus und Barnabas auf Grund der Gnade Gottes, die der Erfolg bedeutete, und gaben die Heidenchristen frei. Aber nun erst kam die schwere Frage: was folgt daraus für die Juden-christen? Sie selbst sollten beim Gesetz bleiben, hiess es in Jerusalem. Aber war dann der Verkehr unter einander möglich? Konnten ein gesetzestreues Judenchristentum und ein gesetzes-freies Heidenchristentum brüderlich zusammen bestehen?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Rasch traten die Extreme auseinander. Paulus setzte Christus in Gegensatz zum Gesetz und proklamierte die Freiheit der Judenchristen im heidnischen Land. Die Jakobusrichtung warf Christus und das Gesetz völlig zusammen und erhob den An-[94 Die Entstehung der Religion. II. Die Urgemeinde.]Spruch, die Heidenchristen unter das Gesetz zu zwingen. Mitten zwischen den Extremen beharrten die Urapostel auf dem Standpunkt von Jerusalem, haltlos, prinziplos, der Leitung unfähig, ein Spielball der Stürme.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*3&lt;/span&gt; Damit ist der Judaismus entstanden, als Rückbildung ins Judentum auf dem Boden der Urgemeinde, veranlasst durch den Fortschritt des Paulus zur Freiheit. Eine gänzlich reaktionäre Bewegung! Das Gesetz über Christus, die jüdische Idee festgehalten in ihrer fanatischen Enge und Intoleranz. Gewiss war es der Mehrzahl dieser Leute Ernst; man macht sich nicht aus Leichtsinn das Leben so sauer. Aber Jesus war für sie vergebens in die Welt gekommen.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Diese Richtung hat das Bild Jesu verfälscht durch die Eintragung mancher ihm fremder judaistischer Züge. Zum mindesten hat sie flüchtigen Augenblicksworten eine falsche prinzipielle Geltung gegeben. Diese Richtung hat die Gegenmission gegen Paulus ins Werk gesetzt, die ihm zuweilen sein ganzes Missionswerk in Frage stellte. In Galatien suchten ihre Emissäre den heidnischen Aberglauben für die jüdischen Ceremonien zu gewinnen in dem richtigen Instinkt, dass diese beiden verwandt und gemeinsame Gegner des Evangeliums seien. In Korinth nützten sie eine vorübergehende Animosität der Gemeinde gegen ihren Apostel aus und wollten durch gemeine Denunziationen ihm zuerst das Vertrauen rauben, um hernach freies Spiel für die Judaisirung zu haben. Beschränkter frommer Eifer, Parteileidenschaft und böser Wille trafen hier zusammen in der Anwendung auch der schlechtesten Mittel. Allein diese ganze Gegenmission endigte mit totaler Erfolglosigkeit — schon einfach darum, weil die überwältigend grosse Mehrzahl der Heidenchristen keine Juden sein wollte. Schon zu Lebzeiten des Paulus durfte sich die Kirche, soweit sie griechisch sprach, einer gesicherten Freiheit rühmen.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Einzig in Palästina und den Nachbargebieten, wo stets ein starker jüdischer Grundstock war, erhielt sich das Judenchristentum in zäher Lebendigkeit, aber auch in völliger Bedeutungslosigkeit für die Schicksale der grossen Kirche. Es behielt sein sektenhaftes Dasein bei, um so leichter, da es selbst sich zerspalten hatte in zahlreiche Untersekten. Zu den zwei Richtungen des apostolischen Zeitalters, dem Judaismus (das Gesetz für alle Christen) und dem apostolischen Christentum (das Gesetz für die [1. Das Berufsbewusstsein. 95] Juden) traten bald zahlreiche gnostische, dem Essäismus verwandte Schattierungen hinzu. Weltgeschichtlich bedeutsam sind sie alle nur für die Entstehungsgeschichte des Islam gewesen, der sich geradezu aus einer judenchristlichen Sekte zur Weltreligion herausgebildet hat. Die politischen Ereignisse der beiden jüdischen Kriege und das Verbot der Beschneidung unter Hadrian thaten dem Judenchristentum keinen so schweren Schaden an, wie der Umstand, dass sowohl die Juden, wie die Christen es abstiessen, jene mit Bann und Fluch, diese mit Verketzerung. Derart wurde es einfach auf die Seite gedrückt, um der Welt zu offenbaren, dass Halbheiten durch keine heilige Tradition zu retten sind, dass es überhaupt in der Geschichte kein Beharren, sondern nur ein Vorwärts- oder Rückwärtsschreiten giebt.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*4&lt;/span&gt; So endigte das Judenchristentum, das enthusiastisch begann, mit Stagnation, Verkümmerung und schliesslichem Aussterben. Seinen Enthusiasmus, wie alle seine lebendigen fruchtbaren Keime nahm Paulus in seine Heidenkirche hinüber. Durch seine freie That hat er die Urgemeinde zur Reaktion und damit zum Verfall getrieben. Er war das aufregende ungemütliche Element des Ur-christentums, ebenso Zerstörer, wie Erbauer, Zerstörer der Eintracht, der Unklarheit, der Halbheit der ersten Zeit. Hierin verstand er den Geist Jesu und das neue Walten seines Gottes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal  {mso-style-parent:"";  margin:0cm;  margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink  {color:blue;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed  {color:purple;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} @page Section1  {size:595.3pt 841.9pt;  margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt;  mso-header-margin:35.4pt;  mso-footer-margin:35.4pt;  mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1  {page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Paul Wernle&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wernle"&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wernle&lt;/a&gt; - Paul Wernle (May 1, 1872 – April 11, 1939) was a Swiss &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologian" title="Theologian"&gt;theologian&lt;/a&gt; born in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hottingen_%28Z%C3%BCrich%29" title="Hottingen (Zürich)"&gt;Hottingen&lt;/a&gt;, today part of the city of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" title="Zürich"&gt;Zürich&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;He studied at the Universities of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel"&gt;Basel&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Berlin" title="University of Berlin"&gt;Berlin&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen"&gt;Göttingen&lt;/a&gt;. At &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel" title="Basel"&gt;Basel&lt;/a&gt; he was a student of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Duhm" title="Bernhard Duhm"&gt;Bernhard Duhm&lt;/a&gt; (1847-1928), and in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen"&gt;Göttingen&lt;/a&gt; was influenced by &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Bousset" title="Wilhelm Bousset"&gt;Wilhelm Bousset&lt;/a&gt; (1865-1920). In 1900 he became an associate professor at Basel, where in 1905 he was appointed a full professor of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament_Studies" title="New Testament Studies"&gt;New Testament Studies&lt;/a&gt;. During the course of his career he also taught classes in &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogmatic_theology" title="Dogmatic theology"&gt;dogmatics&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_history" title="Church history"&gt;church history&lt;/a&gt;, et al.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Wernle was a representative of the so called "Religionsgeschichtliche Schule" (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Religions" title="History of Religions"&gt;History of Religions&lt;/a&gt; School). His expertise was in the field of &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament"&gt;New Testament&lt;/a&gt; analysis, and he is largely remembered for his work involving &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels"&gt;Synoptic&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul" title="Saint Paul"&gt;Pauline&lt;/a&gt; research.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Selected publications&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Paulus als Heidenmissionar (&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*5&lt;/span&gt; Paul as Missionary to the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiles" title="Gentiles"&gt;Gentiles&lt;/a&gt;), 1899&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Die Anfänge unserer Religion (Beginnings of Our Religion), 1901&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Die Quellen des Lebens Jesu. Mohr (The Sources of the Life of Jesus), 1906&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Lessing und das Christentum (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing"&gt;Lessing&lt;/a&gt; and Christianity), 1912&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Der schweizerische Protestantismus in der Zeit der Helvetik 1798-1803 (Swiss &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism"&gt;Protestantism&lt;/a&gt; in the Years 1798-1803), 1938-42&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;amp;sl=de&amp;amp;u=http://www.archiv-rgs.de/personen/wernle.htm&amp;amp;ei=GL21SdzPCY7KMqaM7OgK&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;oi=translate&amp;amp;resnum=9&amp;amp;ct=result&amp;amp;prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522Bernhard%2BDuhm%2522%2BWernle%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG"&gt;Archiv "Religionsgeschichtliche Schule" Göttingen&lt;/a&gt; (biography)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Heidenrede&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.buchhandel.de/detailansicht.aspx?isbn=978-3-8258-1736-7"&gt;http://www.buchhandel.de/detailansicht.aspx?isbn=978-3-8258-1736-7&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.buchhandel.de/?caller=vlbPublic&amp;amp;strFrame=titelsuche&amp;amp;Autor=Hasenh%C3%BCtl,%20Franz"&gt;Hasenhütl, Franz&lt;/a&gt; - Die Heidenrede im "Octavius" des Minucius Felix als &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*6&lt;/span&gt; Brennpunkt antichristlicher Apologetik Weltanschauliche und gesellschaft­liche Widersprüche zwischen paganer Bildungsoberschicht und Christentum - Die erste Rede in lateinischer Sprache, welche Argumente gegen das Christentum systematisch auflistet, stammt paradoxerweise von einem christlichen Autor. Der römische Anwalt Minucius Felix lässt in seinem Werk "Octavius" seinen Freund Caecilius als Vertreter des paganen Rom in einen rhetorischen Wettstreit mit dem Christen Octavius treten. Die Zurückweisung der neuen Religion auf weltanschaulich-philosophischer Ebene, vor allem jedoch die pragma­tisch­-gesellschaftspolitische Agitation gegen Anhänger dieses Glaubens werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit analysiert und auf ihre Vorbilder hin befragt. -&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-04-01.html"&gt;http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-04-01.html&lt;/a&gt; - Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2009.09.57 - Franz Hasenhütl, Die Heidenrede im "Octavius" des Minucius Felix als Brennpunkt antichristlicher Apologetik: Weltanschau­liche und gesellschaftliche Widersprüche zwischen paganer Bildungsoberschicht und Christentum. Theologie Bd. 89. Wien/Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2008. Pp. 168. ISBN 9783825817367. €19.90 (pb). - Reviewed by Jochen Walter, Seminar für Klassische Philologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz (walterj@uni-mainz.de) - &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;[---] At the beginning, Hasenhütl reviews the religious situation in &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Rome&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; at the turn of the 3rd century CE and clarifies his notions of "Christians", "pagans" (Hasenhütl employs this term, at the same time claiming that Christians too were deeply rooted in Roman society, culture and even religion) and "apologetics". &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;[---] In his commentary (p. 104, 110, &lt;st1:metricconverter productid="140f" st="on"&gt;140f&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt;.) as well as in his conclusion (p. 144-149), Hasenhütl points out that the main objections against Christianity did not arise from philosophical issues or from the specifics of the Christian creed. Rather, according to Hasenhütl, socio-political issues were at the root of anti-Christian sentiment: the determined effort of Christians to build an alternative society opposed to that of the &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Roman empire&lt;/st1:place&gt; (p. 104: "quasi eine &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;Gegenwelt&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; zur gegenwärtigen Gesellschaft", p. 140: "eine Art &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;Gegengesell­schaft&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;"). - [---] &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype downloadurl="http://www.microsoft.com" name="PersonName" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;style&gt; st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal  {mso-style-parent:"";  margin:0cm;  margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink  {color:blue;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed  {color:purple;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} @page Section1  {size:612.0pt 792.0pt;  margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt;  mso-header-margin:35.4pt;  mso-footer-margin:35.4pt;  mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1  {page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Joodse wortels &lt;/span&gt;- vroege Kerk.doc -&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooms-katholieke_Kerk#1e_tot_5e_eeuw"&gt;http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooms-katholieke_Kerk#1e_tot_5e_eeuw&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Toen de vroege Kerk zich door de missionering van de apostelen en hun opvolgers verspreidde binnen het Romeinse rijk en zodoende haar joodse wortels achter zich liet, werd zij met nieuwe problemen en vragen geconfronteerd. De joodse cultuur had altijd een sterk verhalende, literaire traditie gekend, ze was gewoon haar overtuigingen en geloofsmysteries in gelijkenissen, analogieën, verwijzingen naar historische gebeurtenissen, kortom in dynamische begrippen tot uitdrukking te brengen. De Romeinen echter hadden van de Grieken een filosofische traditie geërfd: zij dachten statisch, in definities, gestolde formules en leringen die de boven-historische essentie van een gebeuren moesten vatten. Om zich verstaanbaar te maken in deze nieuwe omgeving voelde de Kerk zich genoodzaakt haar geloof op een wijze uit te leggen die paste bij de veranderende omstan­dig­heden. Tegelijkertijd ontstonden er door deze culturele en linguïnstische vertaalslag binnen het rijk vele misvattingen en dwalingen die de kern van het christelijk geloof dreigden aan te tasten. Dit alles leidde tot het ontstaan van &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*7&lt;/span&gt; bindende leeruitspraken: &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma"&gt;dogma&lt;/a&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;s. […] In tegenstelling tot de protestantse Bijbel, bevat de katholieke Bijbel ook enkele &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocanoniek" title="Deuterocanoniek"&gt;deuterocanonieke&lt;/a&gt; boeken die niet behoren tot de Hebreeuwse canon, maar deel uitmaken van de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint"&gt;Septuagint&lt;/a&gt;, de naam voor de Griekse vertaling van de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenach" title="Tenach"&gt;Tenach&lt;/a&gt; die in het Hellenistische jodendom tot de Oudtestamentische geschriften werd gerekend. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ewtn.com/faith/teachings/churb3.htm"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;http://www.ewtn.com/faith/teachings/churb3.htm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; - As mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, it is true that the followers of Christ early became known as "Christians" (cf. Acts 11:26). The name Christian, however, was never commonly applied to the Church herself. In the New Testament itself, &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*8&lt;/span&gt; the Church is simply called "the Church." There was only one. In that early time there were not yet any break-away bodies substantial enough to be rival claimants of the name and from which the Church might ever have to distinguish herself. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;---------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="place" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="City" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="country-region" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;style&gt; st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal  {mso-style-parent:"";  margin:0cm;  margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink  {color:blue;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed  {color:purple;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} @page Section1  {size:595.3pt 841.9pt;  margin:27.0pt 19.3pt 26.95pt 27.0pt;  mso-header-margin:35.4pt;  mso-footer-margin:35.4pt;  mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1  {page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=614362035944619852&amp;amp;postID=3287350106297948089&amp;amp;from=pencil" name="top"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;New Testament Chronology&lt;/span&gt; - &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Chronology of Paul.doc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/chrono_nt.php"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/chrono_nt.php&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=614362035944619852&amp;amp;postID=3287350106297948089&amp;amp;from=pencil" name="top"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.paulonpaul.org/annex/paul_antioch_1_99.htm"&gt;http://www.paulonpaul.org/annex/paul_antioch_1_99.htm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;See George Ogg, &lt;i&gt;The Chronology of the Life of Paul&lt;/i&gt; (London&lt;b&gt;:&lt;/b&gt; Epworth, 1968) 90, 131&lt;b&gt;;&lt;/b&gt; Francis Watson, &lt;i&gt;Paul, Judaism and the Gentiles: A Sociological Approach&lt;/i&gt; [SNTSMS] (Cambridge&lt;b&gt;:&lt;/b&gt; University Press, 1986) 56-7&lt;b&gt;;&lt;/b&gt; and Richard N. Longenecker, &lt;i&gt;Galatians&lt;/i&gt; [WBC 41] (Dallas, TX&lt;b&gt;:&lt;/b&gt; Word Books, 1990) lxxv-lxxvi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Martyn sees Paul attaching himself to the &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Antioch&lt;/st1:city&gt; church not long after the first &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Jerusalem&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; visit. For about a decade Paul is an evangelist of &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Antioch&lt;/st1:city&gt;, preaching the gospel to gentiles in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Syria&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Cilicia&lt;/st1:place&gt;, and working in close association with Barnabas. In due course Paul and Barnabas are sent by &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Antioch&lt;/st1:city&gt; to the conference at &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Jerusalem&lt;/st1:city&gt;, which is in effect a meeting of two churches, &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Antioch&lt;/st1:city&gt; representing the cause of the gentile mission, and &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Jerusalem&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; the interests of the Jewish Christians. &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Antioch&lt;/st1:city&gt;, on the cutting edge of the gentile mission, gets approval of the dual mission, while &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Jerusalem&lt;/st1:city&gt; will receive regular financial support from &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Antioch&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;. The subsequent dispute in &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Antioch&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; over table fellowship for Jewish and gentile Christians comes to a head with Paul’s outburst against the duplicity of Cephas. This episode marks a political defeat for Paul, which results in a divorce from &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Antioch&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;, a break with Barnabas, and Paul’s departure to the west for work as a lone-wolf evangelist.&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Before looking more closely at this theory, let us make the customary stop and consider &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*9 &lt;/span&gt;matters of methodology and chronology.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;The Chronology&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt; of Apostle Paul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on" style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;s Journeys and Epistles &lt;/span&gt;- by&lt;br /&gt;Matthew McGee - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.matthewmcgee.org/paultime.html"&gt;http://www.matthewmcgee.org/paultime.html&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;The crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus Christ occurred in the spring of &lt;b&gt;32 AD&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Day of Pentecost (Acts 2)&lt;br /&gt;Stoning of Stephen (Acts 7:59) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;In about 37 AD, Jesus Christ speaks to Saul (Paul) on the road to Damascus.&lt;br /&gt;Paul is led blind to Damascus (Acts 9:8).&lt;br /&gt;After the visit by Ananias, Paul then goes to Arabia and returns to Damascus where he spends 3 years (Galatians 1:17-18 and Acts 9:22-23). In 37 AD King Aretas took control of Damascus when Emperor Tiberius Caesar died. Paul departed from Damascus at night, being let down from the city wall in a basket (Acts 9:25 and 2 Corinthians 11:32). This could not have been after 40 AD, the year that King Aretas died. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Paul met with Barnabus, Peter, and James in Jerusalem (Acts 9:26 and Galatians 1:18-19).&lt;br /&gt;Paul in Caesarea and Tarsus (Acts 9:30)&lt;br /&gt;Peter goes to house of Cornelius (Acts 10) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Barnabus gets Paul and they stay in Antioch (Syria) for one year (Acts 11:26). This must be between 41 AD (beginning of Claudius Caesar's reign) and 44 AD (Acts 11:28). Believers are first called Christians at Antioch. &lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;James, brother of John&lt;b&gt;,&lt;/b&gt; killed by Herod Agrippa I (Acts 12:2).&lt;br /&gt;Herod Agrippa I dies in 44 AD (Acts 12:23).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Evangelie_van_Jacobus"&gt;http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Evangelie_van_Jacobus&lt;/a&gt; - de schrijver van het Proto-Evangelie van Jacobus (verder afgekort als PJ) doet het voorkomen alsof &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*10&lt;/span&gt; Jacobus, de "oudere stiefbroer” van Jezus, het werk geschreven heeft lang voor de andere evangelies. In de christelijke traditie gaat het dan om Jacobus Minor, Jacobus de Mindere. In de iconografie wordt hij afgebeeld met een knuppel. - Omdat het PJ verhaalt over een buitengewone, door God beschikte zwangerschap van Anna, wat er - een stap verder - op zou kunnen duiden, dat Maria vanaf haar prille ontstaan (in de moederschoot) onbesmet was met de erfzonde, ligt het PJ aan de basis van het dogma van de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onbevlekte_Ontvangenis_van_Maria" title="Onbevlekte Ontvangenis van Maria"&gt;Onbevlekte Ontvangenis van Maria&lt;/a&gt;, zoals dat in &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854" title="1854"&gt;1854&lt;/a&gt; door de Katholieke Kerk is afgekondigd.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;A.F.J. Klijn, (ed.) Apokriefen van het Nieuwe Testament. Vertaald, ingeleid en toegelicht. 2 vols., Kampen 1984-1985.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://vroegekerk.nl/content.php?id=2"&gt;http://vroegekerk.nl/content.php?id=2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Following &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Acts / Handelingen 11:26&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrisch-orthodoxe_Kerk"&gt;http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrisch-orthodoxe_Kerk&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Voor de oorsprong van de Syrisch-orthodoxe Kerk kan verwezen worden naar &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelingen_van_de_Apostelen" title="Handelingen van de Apostelen"&gt;Handelingen van de Apostelen&lt;/a&gt; 11:26, waar wij lezen dat de &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*11&lt;/span&gt; volgelingen van Jezus in &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochi%C3%AB" title="Antiochië"&gt;Antiochië&lt;/a&gt; christenen werden genoemd. Deze Kerk was de eerste buiten &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina"&gt;Palestina&lt;/a&gt; en werd - volgens de traditie - gesticht door de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostel" title="Apostel"&gt;apostelen&lt;/a&gt;. Het hoofd was de apostel Petrus, die volgens dezelfde traditie, in Antiochië zijn ‘&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige_Stoel" title="Heilige Stoel"&gt;apostolische stoel&lt;/a&gt;’ vestigde en deze later verplaatste naar &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_%28stad%29" title="Rome (stad)"&gt;Rome&lt;/a&gt;, waar hij nog altijd gevestigd is. Toen andere volkeren zich tot het christelijk geloof bekeerden, namen ze de naam ‘Syriërs’ over als aanduiding voor ‘christenen’. De Syrische christenen wonen in diverse landen in het &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midden-Oosten" title="Midden-Oosten"&gt;Midden-Oosten&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl" title="Israël"&gt;Israël&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syri%C3%AB" title="Syrië"&gt;Syrië&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon"&gt;Libanon&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak"&gt;Irak&lt;/a&gt;) en in &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije"&gt;Turkije&lt;/a&gt;. Zij wonen ook in Europa en Noord-Amerika. De liturgie is in het Aramees. &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramees" title="Aramees"&gt;Aramees&lt;/a&gt; behoort tot de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitische_talen" title="Semitische talen"&gt;Semitische talen&lt;/a&gt; en wordt tot de dag van vandaag in de kerkelijke boeken gebruikt. Aramees zou de taal geweest zijn die Jezus Christus sprak.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal  {mso-style-parent:"";  margin:0cm;  margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink  {color:blue;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed  {color:purple;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} @page Section1  {size:595.3pt 841.9pt;  margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt;  mso-header-margin:35.4pt;  mso-footer-margin:35.4pt;  mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1  {page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostel"&gt;http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostel&lt;/a&gt; - Ook &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*12&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_%28apostel%29" title="Paulus (apostel)"&gt;Paulus&lt;/a&gt; noemde zichzelf een apostel, hoewel hij Jezus niet tijdens diens leven op aarde heeft ontmoet, maar volgens eigen zeggen later op een &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovennatuurlijk" title="Bovennatuurlijk"&gt;bovennatuurlijke&lt;/a&gt; wijze en daardoor een aanhanger van zijn leer werd. Hij wordt vaak als 13de apostel gerekend.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;---------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #009900;"&gt; Bible quotes&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Acts 11: 25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Then Barnabas went to Tarsus to look for Saul, 26 and when he found him, he brought him to Antioch. So for a whole year Barnabas and Saul met with the church and taught great numbers of people. The disciples were called Christians first at Antioch.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Handelingen 11: 25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Barnabas vertrok naar Tarsus om Saulus op te zoeken. Toen hij hem had gevonden, ging hij met hem naar Antiochië. 26 Daar waren zij samen een heel jaar bij de volgelingen van Jezus te gast en gaven vele mensen onderwijs. In Antiochië werden de volgelingen van Jezus Christus voor het eerst 'christenen' genoemd.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #333399; font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*14&lt;/span&gt; Summarized in a few paragraphs it all boils down to this:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;"St. James was never converted to Christianity or Catholicism because it did not yet exist during his lifetime. James was and remained a faithful Jew for all his life, just like all apostles. He saw in Jesus the fulfillment of the prophecies about the coming of the Messiah in the Old Testament. Probably he felt even more a religious Jew than before he met Jesus. That most Jews did not share his opinion made no difference to that.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;During his lifetime there were no Christians as we know them or a Christian church. Even Jesus did not mean to create a new religion. He preached in the synagogues and only after he was not accepted there he started to work outside the synagogues.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;A Christian church as we know it arose only when Jews and followers from other nations and cultures formed communities and a hierarchical organization you can speak of a Christian church. But that was only after St. James and many other apostles had already died or were executed. Of course the apostles really were the founders of the Christian church. But they saw themselves not as Christians, but as Jews who had accepted the Messiah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt;So they saw themselves not as converts, but as Jewish believers to whom Jesus had given a new dimension to the religion they and their ancestor always adhered." - gwe&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;---------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #663366;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;More on &lt;a href="http://king-early-days.blogspot.com/"&gt;http://king-early-days.blogspot.com/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostel"&gt;http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De oorspronkelijke apostelen waren er in de christelijke traditie elf van de twaalf &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discipel_%28christendom%29" title="Discipel (christendom)"&gt;discipelen&lt;/a&gt; van Jezus. Er was ook nog een twaalfde discipel, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Iskariot" title="Judas Iskariot"&gt;Judas Iskariot&lt;/a&gt; maar deze beroofde zichzelf van het leven &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*15&lt;/span&gt; voordat het apostelschap werd ingevoerd; hij werd opgevolgd door &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattias" title="Mattias"&gt;Mattias&lt;/a&gt; die wel tot de apostelen wordt gerekend.&lt;br /&gt;De betreffende elf apostelen/discipelen hadden tijdens de laatste jaren van Jezus' leven op aarde tot de binnenste kring van zijn aanhangers behoord. Na Jezus' verscheiden op aarde begonnen zij met het verspreiden van het evangelie in &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl" title="Israël"&gt;Israël&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syri%C3%AB" title="Syrië"&gt;Syrië&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein-Azi%C3%AB" title="Klein-Azië"&gt;Klein-Azië&lt;/a&gt; en Zuid-&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_%28continent%29" title="Europa (continent)"&gt;Europa&lt;/a&gt; (inclusief &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_%28stad%29" title="Rome (stad)"&gt;Rome&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;---------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_de_Mindere"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_de_Mindere"&gt;http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_de_Mindere&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobus_de_Rechtvaardige"&gt;http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobus_de_Rechtvaardige&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b style="color: red;"&gt;Jakobus de Mindere&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;(al dan niet de broer van Jezus)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_de_Mindere" title="Jacobus de Mindere"&gt;Jacobus de Mindere of de Rechtvaardige&lt;/a&gt; (al dan niet de broer van Jezus) - Jakobus of Jacobus wordt in het &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie" title="Evangelie"&gt;Evangelie&lt;/a&gt; de "broer van de Heer" (van &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_%28traditioneel-christelijk_benaderd%29" title="Jezus (traditioneel-christelijk benaderd)"&gt;Jezus&lt;/a&gt;) (&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie_naar_Marcus" title="Evangelie naar Marcus"&gt;Marcus 6,3&lt;/a&gt;) genoemd. Hij wordt ook wel Jakobus de Rechtvaardige of Jakobus de Mindere genoemd (ter onderscheiding van de apostel &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_%28apostel%29" title="Jacobus (apostel)"&gt;Jakobus&lt;/a&gt;, bijgenaamd "de Meerdere"). - &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*16&lt;/span&gt; De vereenzelviging van Jakobus "de broer van de Heer" met de andere, in het &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_Testament" title="Nieuwe Testament"&gt;Nieuwe Testament&lt;/a&gt; genoemde &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobus" title="Jakobus"&gt;Jakobussen&lt;/a&gt; is omstreden.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;"Broeder van de Heer"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Volgens de traditie van de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooms-Katholieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-Katholieke Kerk"&gt;Rooms-Katholieke Kerk&lt;/a&gt; wordt er met het "broeder van de Heer" een aanverwantschap met &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_%28traditioneel-christelijk_benaderd%29" title="Jezus (traditioneel-christelijk benaderd)"&gt;Jezus Christus&lt;/a&gt; aangeduid. Hij is volgens de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooms-katholieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-katholieke Kerk"&gt;Katholieke&lt;/a&gt; Kerk géén natuurlijke broer van Jezus, onder andere omdat dit strijdig is met het dogma dat Maria altijd maagd is gebleven.&lt;br /&gt;Volgens de traditie van de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosters-orthodoxe_Kerken" title="Oosters-orthodoxe Kerken"&gt;Orthodoxe Kerk&lt;/a&gt; is Jakobus evenmin een broer van &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_%28traditioneel-christelijk_benaderd%29" title="Jezus (traditioneel-christelijk benaderd)"&gt;Jezus&lt;/a&gt;, maar een halfbroer van Jezus, geboren uit een eerder huwelijk van &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_van_Nazareth" title="Jozef van Nazareth"&gt;Jozef&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Volgens de meeste &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestants" title="Protestants"&gt;protestantse&lt;/a&gt; kerken is Jakobus een natuurlijke broer van Jezus, dus een zoon van &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_%28moeder_Jezus%29" title="Maria (moeder Jezus)"&gt;Maria&lt;/a&gt; en &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_van_Nazareth" title="Jozef van Nazareth"&gt;Jozef&lt;/a&gt;. Deze opvatting is echter pas gegroeid in de loop der eeuwen. De grondleggers van de Reformatie, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarten_Luther" title="Maarten Luther"&gt;Maarten Luther&lt;/a&gt; en &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Calvijn" title="Johannes Calvijn"&gt;Johannes Calvijn&lt;/a&gt;, deelden nog het standpunt van de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooms-Katholieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-Katholieke Kerk"&gt;Rooms-Katholieke Kerk&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Leven&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Over het leven van Jakobus is in de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijbel_%28christendom%29" title="Bijbel (christendom)"&gt;Bijbel&lt;/a&gt; niet veel terug te vinden. In Joh. 7,3-6 wordt duidelijk dat de "broers" van Jezus hem (nog) niet geloofden.&lt;br /&gt;Het &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie_van_de_Hebree%C3%ABn" title="Evangelie van de Hebreeën"&gt;Evangelie van de Hebreeën&lt;/a&gt; (in gebruik bij de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebionieten" title="Ebionieten"&gt;Ebionieten&lt;/a&gt;, ca. 150 n. Chr.) vermeldt dat Jezus na zijn verschijning aan &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena"&gt;Maria Magdalena&lt;/a&gt; en de leerlingen aan Jakobus persoonlijk verscheen. Jakobus kwam toen tot het geloof in Jezus. Een verwijzing naar deze gebeurtenis vindt men ook in &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_eerste_brief_van_Paulus_aan_de_Korinti%C3%ABrs" title="De eerste brief van Paulus aan de Korintiërs"&gt;1 Kor. 15,7&lt;/a&gt;, waar &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_%28apostel%29" title="Paulus (apostel)"&gt;Paulus&lt;/a&gt; melding maakt van een soortgelijke gebeurtenis.&lt;br /&gt;Uit &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelingen_van_de_Apostelen" title="Handelingen van de Apostelen"&gt;Handelingen van de Apostelen&lt;/a&gt; 12,17 en 15,15-21 kan worden opgemaakt dat Jakobus een leidende rol speelde binnen de christengemeente van &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeruzalem" title="Jeruzalem"&gt;Jeruzalem&lt;/a&gt;. Als zodanig wordt hij in de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooms-katholieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-katholieke Kerk"&gt;katholieke&lt;/a&gt; kerk, maar ook in andere kerkgenootschappen gezien als de eerste &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisschop" title="Bisschop"&gt;bisschop&lt;/a&gt; van &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeruzalem" title="Jeruzalem"&gt;Jeruzalem&lt;/a&gt;. In het &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*17&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrief" title="Apocrief"&gt;apocriefe&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie_van_Thomas" title="Evangelie van Thomas"&gt;Evangelie van Thomas&lt;/a&gt;, logion 12 is zelfs sprake dat Jezus zijn broer Jakobus aanwijst als zijn opvolger.&lt;br /&gt;Door de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joden" title="Joden"&gt;joods&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom"&gt;christelijke&lt;/a&gt; schrijver &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hegesippus&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" title="Hegesippus (de pagina bestaat niet)"&gt;Hegesippus&lt;/a&gt; werd hij in diens Gedenkwaardigheden (alleen via enkele fragmenten aan ons bekend) omschreven als de perfecte &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascese" title="Ascese"&gt;asceet&lt;/a&gt; en als een vroom, liefdadig man. Dit ondersteunt de gangbare mening onder &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologie" title="Theologie"&gt;theologen&lt;/a&gt; dat Jakobus de auteur van de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_brief_van_Jakobus" title="De brief van Jakobus"&gt;De brief van Jakobus&lt;/a&gt; is.&lt;br /&gt;De &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooms-Katholieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-Katholieke Kerk"&gt;Rooms-Katholieke Kerk&lt;/a&gt; vereert Jakobus als &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige_%28christendom%29" title="Heilige (christendom)"&gt;heilige&lt;/a&gt;. Zijn &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naamdag" title="Naamdag"&gt;naamdag&lt;/a&gt; is op &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_mei" title="3 mei"&gt;3 mei&lt;/a&gt;. De &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxe_Kerk" title="Orthodoxe Kerk"&gt;Orthodoxe Kerk&lt;/a&gt; viert zijn feestdag op 9 oktober en op 30 juni met de andere twaalf apostelen.&lt;br /&gt;Jakobus stierf een gewelddadige marteldood niet lang voor de val van Jeruzalem.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=614362035944619852&amp;amp;postID=3287350106297948089&amp;amp;from=pencil" name="Iconografie"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Iconografie&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;In de christelijke &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconografie" title="Iconografie"&gt;iconografie&lt;/a&gt; is het &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribuut_%28beeldende_kunst%29" title="Attribuut (beeldende kunst)"&gt;attribuut&lt;/a&gt; van Jakobus de Mindere een &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoedemakersboog&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" title="Hoedemakersboog (de pagina bestaat niet)"&gt;hoedemakersboog&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_de_Mindere#cite_note-0#cite_note-0"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Zie ook&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_brief_van_Jakobus" title="De brief van Jakobus"&gt;De brief van Jakobus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_%28voornaam%29" title="Jakob (voornaam)"&gt;Jakob (voornaam)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Evangelie_van_Jacobus" title="Proto-Evangelie van Jacobus"&gt;Proto-Evangelie van Jacobus&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_%28apostel%29"&gt;http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_%28apostel%29&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_%28apostel%29" title="Jacobus (apostel)"&gt;Jacobus de Meerdere&lt;/a&gt; (zoon van Zebedeüs) (bijgenaamd Boanerges)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b style="color: red;"&gt;Jakobus de Meerdere&lt;/b&gt; is een &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discipel" title="Discipel"&gt;discipel&lt;/a&gt; en &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostel" title="Apostel"&gt;apostel&lt;/a&gt; van &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_%28traditioneel-christelijk_benaderd%29" title="Jezus (traditioneel-christelijk benaderd)"&gt;Jezus Christus&lt;/a&gt;. In het &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaans" title="Spaans"&gt;Spaans&lt;/a&gt; en &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugees" title="Portugees"&gt;Portugees&lt;/a&gt; wordt de naam San Iago verkort tot &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago"&gt;Santiago&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Jakobus in de Bijbel&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hij werd geroepen terwijl hij aan het werk was op het schip van zijn vader &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebede%C3%BCs" title="Zebedeüs"&gt;Zebedeüs&lt;/a&gt;, samen met zijn broer &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_%28apostel%29" title="Johannes (apostel)"&gt;Johannes&lt;/a&gt; (zie o.a. &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie_naar_Matte%C3%BCs" title="Evangelie naar Matteüs"&gt;Matteüs&lt;/a&gt; 4:21,22). Wellicht was hij een neef van Jezus (vergelijk Matteüs 27:56, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie_naar_Marcus" title="Evangelie naar Marcus"&gt;Marcus&lt;/a&gt; 15:40, 16:1 en &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openbaring" title="Openbaring"&gt;Johannes&lt;/a&gt; 19:25). - Tijdens de driejarige rondwandeling van Jezus volgde Jakobus hem van zeer nabij en werd één van de drie belangrijkste discipelen, naast zijn broer Johannes en &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus" title="Petrus"&gt;Petrus&lt;/a&gt; (zie Mattheüs 17:1 en 26:37, en &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie_naar_Lucas" title="Evangelie naar Lucas"&gt;Lukas&lt;/a&gt; 8:51). - In het boek &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handelingen_van_de_Apostelen" title="Handelingen van de Apostelen"&gt;Handelingen van de Apostelen&lt;/a&gt; lezen we dat hij door &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodes_Agrippa_I" title="Herodes Agrippa I"&gt;Herodes&lt;/a&gt; met het zwaard ter dood werd gebracht, als eerste van de discipelen of apostelen (Hand.12:2):&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Omstreeks die tijd nam koning Herodes enkele leden van de gemeente gevangen en mishandelde hen. Jakobus, de broer van Johannes, liet hij met het zwaard ter dood brengen.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_%28apostel%29#cite_note-0#cite_note-0"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jacobus de Meerdere schreef de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brief_van_Jakobus" title="Brief van Jakobus"&gt;Brief van Jakobus&lt;/a&gt;, die in de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijbel_%28christendom%29" title="Bijbel (christendom)"&gt;Bijbel&lt;/a&gt; opgenomen is en deze &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*18&lt;/span&gt; apostel Jakobus is niet dezelfde als &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobus_de_Rechtvaardige" title="Jakobus de Rechtvaardige"&gt;Jakobus de Rechtvaardige&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=614362035944619852&amp;amp;postID=3287350106297948089&amp;amp;from=pencil" name="Schutspatroon.2C_attributen_en_naamdag"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Schutspatroon, attributen en naamdag&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In de christelijke &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconografie" title="Iconografie"&gt;iconografie&lt;/a&gt; is de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-jakobsschelp" title="Sint-jakobsschelp"&gt;schelp&lt;/a&gt; het &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribuut_%28beeldende_kunst%29" title="Attribuut (beeldende kunst)"&gt;attribuut&lt;/a&gt; van Jakobus de Meerdere. Deze is bevestigd aan zijn &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoed" title="Hoed"&gt;hoed&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantel_%28kledingstuk%29" title="Mantel (kledingstuk)"&gt;mantel&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knapzak" title="Knapzak"&gt;knapzak&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_%28apostel%29#cite_note-1#cite_note-1"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; De Sint-jakobsschelp is hiernaar vernoemd. Ook wordt hij vaak afgebeeld met een &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staf_%28voorwerp%29" title="Staf (voorwerp)"&gt;staf&lt;/a&gt;, het attribuut van de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelgrim" title="Pelgrim"&gt;pelgrim&lt;/a&gt;.De &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_van_Sint_Jacob_van_het_Zwaard_%28Spanje%29" title="Orde van Sint Jacob van het Zwaard (Spanje)"&gt;Orde van Sint-Jakobus van het Zwaard&lt;/a&gt; koos Jakobus de Meerdere als schutspatroon. Volgens de legende was zijn graf ontdekt op het "sterreveld" in &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostella" title="Santiago de Compostella"&gt;Santiago de Compostella&lt;/a&gt; en had de lang geleden gestorven heilige ooit, op een paard gezeten, op &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder" title="Wonder"&gt;wonderbaarlijke&lt;/a&gt; wijze ingegrepen in een veldslag en daar vele Moren gedood. Ook in het Graafschap Holland was er een &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*19&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_van_Sint_Jacob_in_Holland" title="Orde van Sint Jacob in Holland"&gt;Orde van Sint Jacob in Holland&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volgens de overlevering leverde koning &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_I_van_Asturi%C3%AB" title="Ordoño I van Asturië"&gt;Ordoño I van Asturië&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/859" title="859"&gt;859&lt;/a&gt; een veldslag tegen de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moren" title="Moren"&gt;Moren&lt;/a&gt;, waarbij zijn leger onverwacht hulp kreeg van een geheimzinnige ruiter die de Moren doodde, zodat de slag gewonnen werd. Het lag voor de hand dat de ruiter niemand anders was dan Sint Jakobus (Santiago), die sindsdien in Spanje dan ook de titel Matamoros (Morendoder) draagt.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Zijn &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naamdag" title="Naamdag"&gt;naamdag&lt;/a&gt; is op &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_juli" title="25 juli"&gt;25 juli&lt;/a&gt;. In de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxe_Kerk" title="Orthodoxe Kerk"&gt;Orthodoxe Kerk&lt;/a&gt; is &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_april" title="30 april"&gt;30 april&lt;/a&gt; zijn naamdag. Hij is de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroonheilige" title="Patroonheilige"&gt;patroonheilige&lt;/a&gt; van &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje"&gt;Spanje&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_%28Guatemala%29" title="Antigua (Guatemala)"&gt;Antigua&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala"&gt;Guatemala&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_%28Chili%29" title="Santiago (Chili)"&gt;Santiago&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili" title="Chili"&gt;Chili&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galici%C3%AB_%28Spanje%29" title="Galicië (Spanje)"&gt;Galicië&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loiza&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" title="Loiza (de pagina bestaat niet)"&gt;Loiza&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medjugorje" title="Medjugorje"&gt;Medjugorje&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al_%28Canada%29" title="Montréal (Canada)"&gt;Montréal&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"&gt;Nicaragua&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistoia_%28stad%29" title="Pistoia (stad)"&gt;Pistoia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostella" title="Santiago de Compostella"&gt;Santiago de Compostella&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Jacobiparochie" title="Sint Jacobiparochie"&gt;Sint Jacobiparochie&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Haag" title="Den Haag"&gt;Den Haag&lt;/a&gt; , &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemzeke" title="Kemzeke"&gt;Kemzeke&lt;/a&gt; en van de soldaten, ruiters en krijgers, de arbeiders, de lastendragers, de hoedenmakers, de bont- en pelswerkers, de kousenmakers, de bewakers, de (ketting)smeden, de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotheker" title="Apotheker"&gt;apothekers&lt;/a&gt; en &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogist" title="Drogist"&gt;drogisten&lt;/a&gt;, de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierenarts" title="Dierenarts"&gt;dierenartsen&lt;/a&gt; en de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelgrim" title="Pelgrim"&gt;pelgrims&lt;/a&gt; en tegen de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuma" title="Reuma"&gt;reuma&lt;/a&gt; en de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artritis" title="Artritis"&gt;artritis&lt;/a&gt; en voor goed weer en de groei van &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel_%28vrucht%29" title="Appel (vrucht)"&gt;appels&lt;/a&gt; en veldvruchten.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=614362035944619852&amp;amp;postID=3287350106297948089&amp;amp;from=pencil" name="Nederlandse_en_Belgische_kerken_gewijd_a"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nederlandse en Belgische kerken gewijd aan Jakobus de Meerdere&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Jacobskerk_%28Antwerpen%29" title="Sint-Jacobskerk (Antwerpen)"&gt;Sint-Jacobskerk&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen_%28stad%29" title="Antwerpen (stad)"&gt;Antwerpen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sint-Jacobusparochie &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemzeke" title="Kemzeke"&gt;Kemzeke&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sint-Jacobus de Meerdere, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haasdonk" title="Haasdonk"&gt;Haasdonk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Heilige Jacobus de Meerdere, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocholtz" title="Bocholtz"&gt;Bocholtz&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_of_Sint-Jacobskerk_%28Den_Haag%29" title="Grote of Sint-Jacobskerk (Den Haag)"&gt;Grote of Sint-Jacobskerk&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Haag" title="Den Haag"&gt;Den Haag&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Jacobuskerk_%28Den_Haag%29" title="Sint-Jacobuskerk (Den Haag)"&gt;Sint-Jacobuskerk&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Haag" title="Den Haag"&gt;Den Haag&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jacobus de Meerdere (Zeeland) Noord-Brabant&lt;br /&gt;Sint Jacobus de Meerdere, &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Dungen" title="Den Dungen"&gt;Den Dungen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sint-Jacobskerk (Vlissingen)&lt;br /&gt;Sint-Jacobskerk (Brugge)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Jacobskerk_%28Gent%29" title="Sint-Jacobskerk (Gent)"&gt;Sint-Jacobskerk (Gent)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sint Jacobus de Meerdere, Valburg (Gld) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=614362035944619852&amp;amp;postID=3287350106297948089&amp;amp;from=pencil" name="Trivia"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Trivia&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Op 25 januari 2007 werd bij het veilingshuis &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's"&gt;Sotheby's&lt;/a&gt; uitzonderlijk een werk van Rembrandt "Portret van St.-Jacob de Meerdere" uit 1661, geveild ter waarde van $ 25,8 miljoen.&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_%28apostel%29#cite_note-2#cite_note-2"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-jakobsschelp" title="Sint-jakobsschelp"&gt;Sint-jakobsschelp&lt;/a&gt; is vernoemd naar Jakobus de Meerdere.&lt;br /&gt;Sint Jakobus de Meerdere is de patroon van &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Haag" title="Den Haag"&gt;Den Haag&lt;/a&gt;. Zowel de middeleeuwse &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_of_Sint-Jacobskerk_%28Den_Haag%29" title="Grote of Sint-Jacobskerk (Den Haag)"&gt;Grote of Sint-Jacobskerk&lt;/a&gt; als de neogotische &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Jacobuskerk_%28Den_Haag%29" title="Sint-Jacobuskerk (Den Haag)"&gt;Sint-Jacobuskerk&lt;/a&gt; werden aan hem gewijd.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;style&gt; v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face  {font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";  panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;  mso-font-alt:Arial;  mso-font-charset:0;  mso-generic-font-family:roman; 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font-weight: bold;"&gt;*32&lt;/span&gt; EUdict (European dictionary) collection online dictionaries&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal  {mso-style-parent:"";  margin:0cm;  margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink  {color:blue;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed  {color:purple;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} @page Section1  {size:612.0pt 792.0pt;  margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt;  mso-header-margin:35.4pt;  mso-footer-margin:35.4pt;  mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1  {page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Jacobus1.doc&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.bijbel-info.nl/auteur.php?auteur=Amersfoort,%20J.%20van" title="Amersfoort, J. van"&gt;Amersfoort, J. van&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;a href="http://www.bijbel-info.nl/boek.php?id=5063" title="De kerk van Jacobus : de gemeente van Jeruzalem in de eerste honderd jaar van haar bestaan"&gt;De kerk van Jacobus : de gemeente van Jeruzalem in de eerste honderd jaar van haar bestaan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Smelik, E.L. - &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*20 &lt;/span&gt;De brief van Jakobus : de stiefapostel ; De prediking van het Nieuwe Testament&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://cat.ubn.ru.nl/DB=1/SET=13/TTL=31/SHW?FRST=31"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;The missions of James, Peter, and Paul : tensions in early Christianity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chilton, Bruce / Brill / 2005&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://cat.ubn.ru.nl/DB=1/SET=13/TTL=31/SHW?FRST=37"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Paulus und Jakobus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hengel, Martin / Mohr Siebeck / 2002&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://cat.ubn.ru.nl/DB=1/SET=13/TTL=41/SHW?FRST=42"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;James : wisdom of James, disciple of Jesus the sage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bauckham, Richard / Routledge / 1999&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://cat.ubn.ru.nl/DB=1/SET=13/TTL=61/SHW?FRST=70"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;St. Paulus und St. Jacobus über die Rechtfertigung&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bartmann, Bernhard / Herder / 1897&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://cat.ubn.ru.nl/DB=1/SET=13/TTL=71/SHW?FRST=80"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;James : the man and his message&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adamson, James B. / Eerdmans / 1988&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;---------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="country-region" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="place" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="PersonName" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;style&gt; st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face  {font-family:Tahoma; 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 text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} p  {margin-top:4.8pt;  margin-right:0cm;  margin-bottom:6.0pt;  margin-left:0cm;  line-height:18.0pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} span.unicode  {mso-style-name:unicode;} @page Section1  {size:595.3pt 841.9pt;  margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt;  mso-header-margin:35.4pt;  mso-footer-margin:35.4pt;  mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1  {page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;James / Jacob / Jacobus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;- Jacob.doc + Jakob.doc&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_"&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_&lt;/a&gt; (name) - "James" is derived from the same &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Hebrew&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; name as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Jacob&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;, meaning "grasps by the heel" (in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis" title="Genesis"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Genesis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; narrative, Jacob was born grasping Esau's heel and later bought his birthright). The name came into &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;English language&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; from the French variation of Gemmes of the Late Latin name Iacomus, a dialect variant of Iacobus, from the New Testament Greek &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma;"&gt;Ἰ&lt;/span&gt;άκωβος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; (Iakō&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;bos&lt;/st1:personname&gt;), from Hebrew word &lt;/span&gt;יעקב&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; (&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;Yaʻaqov&lt;/span&gt;). Cognates include &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_%28name%29" title="Jacob (name)"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Jacob&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;. The development &lt;i&gt;Iacobus&lt;/i&gt; &amp;gt; &lt;i&gt;Iacomus&lt;/i&gt; is likely a result of nasalization of the &lt;i&gt;o&lt;/i&gt; and assimilation to the following &lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt; (i.e., intermediate *&lt;i&gt;Iacombus&lt;/i&gt;) followed by simplification of the cluster &lt;i&gt;mb&lt;/i&gt; through loss of the &lt;i&gt;b&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.experiencefestival.com/james_-_characters_from_the_bible"&gt;http://www.experiencefestival.com/james_-_characters_from_the_bible&lt;/a&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.experiencefestival.com/james_-_characters_from_the_bible"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;James - Characters from the Bible:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/James/id/1895623"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Encyclopedia - James&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;This article is about the name James. For the band see James (band). James is a common given name. It is the most popular name for a male in the &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;United States&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;, and during the 1990 U.S. Census, approximately 3.318% of males counted had the first name James. It is derived from the same Hebrew name as Jacob, and literally means "grasps the heel" or "grasps the bottom". James - Etymology. The name came into English from the French variation Gemmes of the Late Latin Iacomus, a substan ... &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/aboutHenryVIII.htm"&gt;http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/aboutHenryVIII.htm&lt;/a&gt; - Also, &lt;b&gt;Henry&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Bios/ThomasCromwell%281EEssex%29.htm"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Cromwell&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; both recognized a fundamental truth of the English people - don't upset their traditional religious views. Certainly &lt;b&gt;Henry&lt;/b&gt; did not upset his own. They omitted the name of the &lt;b&gt;Pope&lt;/b&gt; in their prayers but not much else.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/messages/youth/documents/hf_jp-ii_mes_27111988_iv-world-youth-day_en.html"&gt;http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/messages/youth/documents/hf_jp-ii_mes_27111988_iv-world-youth-day_en.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ofs.de/nordwest-ost-2004-03.doc"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;http://www.ofs.de/nordwest-ost-2004-03.doc &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*21&lt;/span&gt; Am Fluss Jabbok angekommen, erhält er die Nachricht, dass sein Bruder Esau ihm mit einem Haufen bewaffneter Männer entgegen zieht. Er beginnt zu ahnen, dass sein bisheriges Leben ein einziges Machwerk ist aus Betrug und Selbstbetrug, eine einzige Lebenslüge. Ihn befällt Angst, nicht nur vor Esau, Angst auch vor Gott, der ihn fallen lassen und seine Betrügereien bezahlen lassen könnte.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Noch in der Nacht bringt Jakob die Familie, die Tiere, seinen ganzen Besitz an einer flachen Stelle über den Fluss. Dann aber bleibt er allein zurück.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Mit einem Mal tritt ihm in der Nacht ein Unbekannter entgegen und kämpft mit ihm. Er kämpft auf Leben und Tod. Der Name des Fremden wird nicht genannt. Die beiden ringen miteinander. Die ganze Nacht hindurch.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Als es zu dämmern&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;beginnt, merkt Jakob, dass er den Fremden nicht besiegen kann, aber auch dieser spürt, dass Jakob sich noch kräftig wehrt. Da versetzt der Unbekannte Jakob einen Schlag auf die Hüfte. Der Fremde verlangt: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Lass mich los – es wird schon hell!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; Jakob aber nennt seine Bedingung: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Nur, wenn du mich segnest!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; Der Fremde fragt: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Wie heißt du?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;« –&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Jakob!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;–&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Du sollst nicht mehr Jakob heißen. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="FR" style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Du heißt jetzt: Kämpfer Gottes – Israel! &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Denn du hast mit Gott und mit Menschen gekämpft. Und du hast gewonnen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; Da fragt Jakob: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Und wie heißt du?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; Der andere erwidert: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Warum fragst du?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Und er segnet ihn an Ort und Stelle.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Da nennt Jakob die Stelle Penu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;ë&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;l – Gottes Angesicht. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Denn hier&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; sagt er, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;bin ich Gott begegnet – von Angesicht zu Angesicht. Hier wurde mein Leben gerettet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; Als Jakob von Penu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;ë&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;l fortgeht, geht ihm die Sonne auf. Und er hinkt an seiner Hüfte.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Jakobs Name ist uns immer im Sinne von &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;er betrügt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; gedeutet worden – und dann haben wir diese Geschichte auch so gelesen... Das hebräische Wort &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;akab&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; bedeutet zunächst nur: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;an der Ferse festhalten&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;, was die Geburtsgeschichte der beiden Brüder Esau und Jakob genau so erzählt. Die Bedeutung &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;betrügen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; ist ein von der Jakobsgeschichte hergeleitetes (Miss-) Verstehen, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;akab&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; bedeutet vielmehr: festhalten, an einem dranbleiben, schützen. Der Name Jakob besagt nicht‚ er &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;betrügt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; (wer würde auch sein Kind so nennen), sondern &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Gott beschützt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Unter dieser Überschrift wird die Lebensgeschichte Jakobs eine ganz andere. Der Name bringt es an den Tag. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Das gilt auch für den Namen, den Jakob in und durch diesen Kampf in jener Nacht erhält: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Israel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;, was in unseren Übersetzungen zumeist im Sinne von &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Gottes Streiter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; interpretiert wird. Israel aber heißt: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;ER herrscht, ER regiert als König.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Auch in unseren verworrenen, undurchsichtigen und leidvollen Geschichten gilt: Es wird regiert, von oben, vom Himmel her. Das ist unsere Hoffnung auf einen neuen &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;guten Ausgang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;. Es geschieht alles auf Hoffnung hin.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Israels Geschichte ist von &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;jener Nacht&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; an Gottes Geschichte. Jene Nacht ist daher die Nacht des Heils. Und so soll man diese Geschichte lesen:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Jakob, der Sohn eines Überlebenden, ist in Seiner Geschichte. Warum sollte ihm (uns) bange sein – vor der Nacht, vor dem Morgen, der kommt? Denn in jeder Nacht strahlt der Morgen Gottes schon auf: Hebräisch &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;schachar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; bedeutet &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;schwarz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;, wie die Nacht, und zugleich Morgenröte, wie das heraufkommende Licht des Himmels. Darum heißt es: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Es rang ein Mann mit ihm, bis die Morgenröte heraufzog.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; In diesem Satz wird zugleich eine andere Aussage zurückgenommen, die uns durch alle Bilder, d. h. fast alle, vertraut ist: Kein Engel war’s – es war ER. ER &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;überfällt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; Jakob in der Nacht, ER segnet, ER schlägt, ER bewahrt:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Aus der Begegnung mit Gott geht man nicht ungezeichnet hervor. Darum &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;hinkt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; Jakob an der Hüfte. Und dieses &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Hinken&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; weist auf das Be- und Angerührtsein des Menschen durch Gott hin. Das hebräische Wort, was hier steht, lautet &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;zela&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;, es ist das gleiche Wort, was wir in der &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Erschaffungsgeschichte&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; der Menschen in Genesis 2 mit &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Rippe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;«&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; übersetzen, ein Wort also, das auf zusammengehören verweist: Es ist ein Ich nicht ohne ein Du, es wird ein Mann durch die Frau, es ist der Mensch nicht ohne Gott, es ist Jakob nicht ohne IHN. So geht er weiter, in den Morgen hinein, seinem Bruder zu begegnen... Gott ist ein mitgehender Gott und sein Sein ist immer im Werden. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Darum gilt ihm und uns:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Die Sonne strahlt (ihm) auf, es liegt sein Morgen über der Welt.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;P. Ubald Hausdorf OFM, Halberstadt&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;-----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebionieten"&gt;&lt;b style="color: red;"&gt;Ebionieten&lt;/b&gt; - &lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebionieten"&gt;http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebionieten&lt;/a&gt; -&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;De &lt;b&gt;Ebionieten&lt;/b&gt; waren een joods-christelijke groepering binnen het vroege &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom"&gt;christendom&lt;/a&gt; en door de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerkvaders" title="Kerkvaders"&gt;kerkvaders&lt;/a&gt; als zodanig aangeduid. Zij woonden in Transjordanië. De Ebionieten gebruikten een eigen evangelie bekend als het &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie_van_de_Ebionieten" title="Evangelie van de Ebionieten"&gt;Evangelie van de Ebionieten&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;De benaming komt vermoedelijk van het Hebreeuwse woord voor armen, &lt;i&gt;Ebjonim&lt;/i&gt;. Deze &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*22&lt;/span&gt; Ebionieten waren zowel joods als christelijk, omdat zij de joodse leer niet verwierpen. Zij geloofden dat Jezus de natuurlijke zoon van Jozef en Maria was, maar bij de doop door God was ‘uitgekozen’ als de meest rechtschapen mens op aarde. Naar hun mening was Jezus de allereerste mens die Gods wet volledig gehoorzaamd heeft. En door zijn gehoorzaamheid aan de wet werd hij gerechtvaardigd, en daarom de Christus genoemd.&lt;br /&gt;Naast de Hebreeuwse geschriften lijken zij een eigen versie van het &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie_naar_Matte%C3%BCs" title="Evangelie naar Matteüs"&gt;Evangelie naar Matteüs&lt;/a&gt;, of een bewerkte versie ervan (bijv. geen geboorteverhaal van een maagdelijke geboorte), te hebben gehad. Van dit Evangelie zijn alleen maar een paar fragmenten bewaard gebleven die door de kerkvaders als ketterijen geciteerd werden.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie_van_de_Ebionieten"&gt;http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie_van_de_Ebionieten&lt;/a&gt; -&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Evangelie van de Ebionieten&lt;/span&gt; -&lt;/b&gt;Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Het &lt;b&gt;Evangelie van de Ebionieten&lt;/b&gt; werd gebruikt door de sekte van de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebionieten" title="Ebionieten"&gt;Ebionieten&lt;/a&gt; en is zeer fragmentarisch bekend. Dit &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie" title="Evangelie"&gt;evangelie&lt;/a&gt;, dat waarschijnlijk uit het midden van de 2e eeuw dateerd, wordt door de &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerkvader" title="Kerkvader"&gt;kerkvader&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphanius_van_Salamis" title="Epiphanius van Salamis"&gt;Epiphanius van Salamis&lt;/a&gt; als &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketter" title="Ketter"&gt;ketters&lt;/a&gt; beschouwd in diens geschrift &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion"&gt;Panarion&lt;/a&gt; uit de 4e eeuw. Het lijkt erop dat de Ebionieten over een eigen versie beschikten van het &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelie_naar_Matthe%C3%BCs" title="Evangelie naar Mattheüs"&gt;Evangelie naar Mattheüs&lt;/a&gt; waarin het geboorteverhaal van een maagdelijke geboorte ontbrak. In hun evangelie ontbreekt ook Mattheüs&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; verwijzing naar sprinkhanen als deel van het dieet van &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_de_Doper" title="Johannes de Doper"&gt;Johannes de Doper&lt;/a&gt; en zegt &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_%28traditioneel-christelijk_benaderd%29" title="Jezus (traditioneel-christelijk benaderd)"&gt;Jezus&lt;/a&gt; dat hij niet van het &lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paaslam" title="Paaslam"&gt;paaslam&lt;/a&gt; zal eten.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;a href="http://libro.uca.edu/sjc/sjc.htm"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;http://libro.uca.edu/sjc/sjc.htm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Richard A. Fletcher&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Saint James&lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on" style="color: red;"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;s Catapult : The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;-&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://libro.uca.edu/sjc/sjc4.htm" target="opening" title="blocked::http://libro.uca.edu/sjc/sjc4.htm"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span title="blocked::http://libro.uca.edu/sjc/sjc4.htm"&gt;Chapter 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pilgrimage and Pilgrims, to Compostela and elsewhere&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;[&lt;span style="color: #3333ff; font-weight: bold;"&gt;§4&lt;/span&gt;] &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;An incident in the middle years of the tenth century shows us how far the renown of the shrine of St. James had spread. The evidence is furnished by a letter from a Catalan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="font-style: italic;"&gt;[80]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; prelate, Cesarius, to pope John XIII.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://libro.uca.edu/sjc/sjc4.htm#N_11_" title="blocked::http://libro.uca.edu/sjc/sjc4.htm#N_11_"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span title="blocked::http://libro.uca.edu/sjc/sjc4.htm#N_11_"&gt;(11)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; Cesarius was one of the most distinguished Catalan churchmen of his generation. In 945 he had founded the monastery of Montserrat, near &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Barcelona&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;. About ten years later he became bishop of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Tarragona&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;, and it was this that brought him into contact with the clergy of Santiago de Compostela. In his letter he told the pope how he had gone &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;to the church (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-style: italic;"&gt;domum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-style: italic;"&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;of the apostolic see of St. James, who is buried in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Galicia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;, the region of his apostolate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;. There he had requested &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;the blessing of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;st1:placetype st="on"&gt;province&lt;/st1:placetype&gt; of &lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;Tarragona&lt;/st1:placename&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;. After examination of his claims, which the bishops of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Galicia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt; found to be good, he was consecrated by bishop Sisnando II of Iria-Compostela in the presence of king Sancho I of León and nine Galician and Leonese bishops, probably on 29 November 956. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-style: italic;"&gt;On his return to Catalonia his claims were contested by the bishops of Barcelona, Gerona, Vich and Urgel, and the archbishop of Narbonne, on the grounds that &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;the said apostolate, alleged to have been in the west of Spain, was not the apostolate of St. James, because &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*23&lt;/span&gt; that apostle was brought here only after his death&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Cesarius cited the text of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Breviarium Apostolorum &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;in support of St. James&lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;s -- and his own -- claims and appealed to the pope. The latest editor of the letter, by plausible emendation of a desperately corrupt text, has interpreted it as a request for an archbishop&lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;s pallium. &lt;/span&gt;[§5] &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;© R.A. Fletcher 1984&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Also see &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: '; font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://pilgrimagetoheresy.blogspot.com/2009/09/what-we-do-know-about-excavations-in.html"&gt;http://pilgrimagetoheresy.blogspot.com/2009/09/what-we-do-know-about-excavations-in.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;and &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*24&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pilgrimagetoheresy.com/who_was_priscillian"&gt;Priscillian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Jacobus2.doc + &lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;James, Ya&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;qub&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Archives/Language/2008_January_15"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Archives/Language/2008_January_15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"&gt;All James's in the Bible have been read as Ya'qub in Arabic, while Ya'qub is also Jacob in the Bible. How can this transformation be explained, historically or linguistically? --&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Omidinist&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1" title="User:Omidinist (page does not exist)"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Omidinist&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Omidinist" title="User talk:Omidinist"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;) 07:39, 15 January 2008 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;If I understand your question correctly, it is how Hebrew &lt;/span&gt;יעקב&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; turned into English &lt;i&gt;James&lt;/i&gt;. Our article &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_%28name%29" title="James (name)"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;James (name)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; gives the following development: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Hebrew &lt;/span&gt;יעקב&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; (&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;Yaʻaqov&lt;/span&gt;) &amp;gt; New Testament Greek &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="unicode"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma;"&gt;Ἰ&lt;/span&gt;άκωβος&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; (Iakō&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;bos&lt;/st1:personname&gt;) &amp;gt; Late Latin &lt;i&gt;Iacomus&lt;/i&gt; (a dialect variant of &lt;i&gt;Iacobus&lt;/i&gt;) &amp;gt; French &lt;i&gt;Gemmes&lt;/i&gt; &amp;gt; English &lt;i&gt;James&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;--&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Lambiam" title="User talk:Lambiam"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Lambiam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; 07:51, 15 January 2008 (UTC)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Yep. For whatever reason, the &lt;/span&gt;יעקב&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; of the Old Testament is always called "Jacob" in English, while all of the men named &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma;"&gt;Ἰ&lt;/span&gt;άκωβος&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; in the New Testament are always called "James" in English. But "James" is etymologically derived from &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Tahoma;"&gt;Ἰ&lt;/span&gt;άκωβος&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;, which in turn is derived from &lt;/span&gt;יעקב&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;. If anyone cares, I have Bibles in a few dozen languages sitting here on my bookshelf in which I can look to see if any other languages give different names to the &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*25&lt;/span&gt; OT Jacob and the various NT Jameses. —&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Angr" title="User:Angr"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;An&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Angr" title="User talk:Angr"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;gr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Angr/If" title="User:Angr/If"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;If you've written a quality article...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; 18:07, 15 January 2008 (UTC)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Looking at &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Jacob&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Epistle of James&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; (which has surprisingly few wikilinks on it) German and Esperanto use Jakob and Jakobo, respectively, for both. French, OTOH, uses Jacob and Jacques. Indonesian uses Yakub and Yakobus--possibly just a grammatical change? Hungarian uses Jákób and Jakab.--&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Prosfilaes" title="User:Prosfilaes"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Prosfilaes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Prosfilaes" title="User talk:Prosfilaes"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;) 18:21, 15 January 2008 (UTC) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;* The Dutch Wikipedia uses &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_%28aartsvader%29" title="nl:Jakob_(aartsvader)"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Jakob&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; for the patriarch from the Old Testament, and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobus_de_Meerdere" title="nl:Jakobus_de_Meerdere"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Jakobus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; for the apostle from the New Testament. The Indonesian forms may reflect the Arabic and the Dutch forms, as brought, respectively, through the Qur'an and Dutch missionaries. --&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Lambiam" title="User talk:Lambiam"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Lambiam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; 01:16, 16 January 2008 (UTC)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;James and Jacob are synonomous in English, and at times have been interchangeable: medieval texts will describe a person as "James" or "Jacob" (the later from "Jacobus", the Latin version and used in formal documents). The most famous example are the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Jacobites&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;: scottish rebels (or patriots, depending on your political stance}} in favour of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;James the Old Pretender&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;. The translation of the name from the OT "Jacob" and the NT "James" is just a strange convention which has continued from the first English translations, but I'm not sure of the reason. Speculating, I would say the initial translators merely used the commonly known names: the NT Jameses had been canonised by the Church (ie as Saints), and then known in the various countries by the local name, thus in &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;England&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, you got St James. OT Patriarchs were not Canonised. (and remained very "Jewish" in concept, thus kept a Hebrew name???). You get a similar thing with "Jesus" which is actually a version of "Joshua", but there are of course more reasons to draw distinctions between the OT and NT persons. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gwinva" title="User:Gwinva"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Gwinva&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gwinva" title="User talk:Gwinva"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;) 23:02, 15 January 2008 (UTC) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;(addit) Angr: do you have the Latin Vulgate? That would have Jacobus for James? That was the text most often used by English speakers, until the English translatiosn were made. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gwinva" title="User:Gwinva"&gt;Gwinva&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gwinva" title="User talk:Gwinva"&gt;talk&lt;/a&gt;) 23:04, 15 January 2008 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;The Vulgate has "Jacob" (undeclined) for the Old Testament Jacob. In the New Testament the apostles named James are called "Jacobus", which is declined normally, and when the Old Testament guy is mentioned, he is simply Jacob there too. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Adam_Bishop" title="User:Adam Bishop"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Adam Bishop&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Adam_Bishop" title="User talk:Adam Bishop"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;) 04:01, 16 January 2008 (UTC) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Gwinva, Adam Bishop's answer is correct. If there's anything else you want to see in the Vulgate, it's available at the Latin Wikisource at &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra" title="s:la:Biblia_Sacra"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;s:la:Biblia Sacra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;. —&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Angr" title="User:Angr"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;An&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Angr" title="User talk:Angr"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;gr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Angr/If" title="User:Angr/If"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;If you've written a quality article...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; 18:07, 16 January 2008 (UTC)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;The difference in names, depsite the same origin, is also found in the Greek text of the New Testament: Jacob comes out as &lt;/span&gt;ιακωβ&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; (iakob), and is not declined for case marking as a name borrowed from another language, while those we call James are referred to as &lt;/span&gt;ιακωβος&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; (iako&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;bos&lt;/st1:personname&gt;), where the name is declineable, treated as if it were a Greek name. So contemporary people: &lt;/span&gt;ιακωβος&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;, Jacob the patriarch &lt;/span&gt;ιακωβ&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Drmaik" title="User:Drmaik"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Drmaik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Drmaik" title="User talk:Drmaik"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;) 05:36, 17 January 2008 (UTC)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;And presumably the Joshua/Jesus dichotomy is somewhat similar: "Joshua" is used for the Old Testament figure, while "Jesus" is used for Jesus of Nazareth, but also for &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*26&lt;/span&gt; Jesus ben Sirach in Ecclesiasticus (one of the books of the Apocrypha, hence found in the Greek version of the Old Testament but not in the Hebrew version). --&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ross_Burgess" title="User:Ross Burgess"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;rossb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Ross_Burgess" title="User talk:Ross Burgess"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;talk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;) 20:13, 19 January 2008 (UTC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;---------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;style&gt; st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal  {mso-style-parent:"";  margin:0cm;  margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink  {color:blue;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed  {color:purple; 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 margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt;  mso-header-margin:35.4pt;  mso-footer-margin:35.4pt;  mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1  {page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosters_Schisma"&gt;http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosters_Schisma&lt;/a&gt; - &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*28 &lt;/span&gt;Verschillen tussen Westers en Oosters christendom&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;style&gt; v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} &lt;/style&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="City" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="PlaceType" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="PlaceName" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="place" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="country-region" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;style&gt; st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal  {mso-style-parent:""; 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 margin:0cm;  margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink  {color:blue;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed  {color:purple;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} @page Section1  {size:612.0pt 792.0pt;  margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt;  mso-header-margin:35.4pt;  mso-footer-margin:35.4pt;  mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1  {page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;*29 James the Just and Christian Origins&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;Edited by Bruce Chilton and Craig A. Evans&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;"&gt; - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 100%;"&gt;ISBN 90 04 11550 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;Bruce Chilton is&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 100%;"&gt; Bernard Iddings Bell Professor of Philosophy and Religion at &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;Bard&lt;/st1:placename&gt; &lt;st1:placetype st="on"&gt;College&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;, and the author of &lt;i&gt;A Feast of Meanings: Eucharistic Theologies from Jesus through Johannine Circles&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Brill&lt;/i&gt;, 1994).&lt;br /&gt;Craig Evans is Professor of New Testament at &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;Trinity&lt;/st1:placename&gt; &lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;Western&lt;/st1:placename&gt; &lt;st1:placetype st="on"&gt;University&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; and Senior Research Fellow at Roehampton Institute London, and author of &lt;i&gt;Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Brill&lt;/i&gt;, 1995). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;style&gt; st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal  {mso-style-parent:"";  margin:0cm;  margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1  {size:612.0pt 792.0pt;  margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt;  mso-header-margin:35.4pt;  mso-footer-margin:35.4pt;  mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1  {page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 100%;"&gt;The lack of serious and sustained investigation of the historical figure of James "the Just", brother of Jesus, is one of the curious oversights in modern critical study of Christian origins. &lt;i&gt;James the Just and Christian Origins&lt;/i&gt; addresses this problem. The questions that surround this exceedingly important, yet largely ignored figure are several and complicated. Was he really the brother of Jesus? How influential was he in the early church? What was the nature of his relationship to the other apostles, especially to Paul? How did James understand Christianity’s relationship to Judaism and to the people of &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Israel&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;? Out of this grows a very important question: In its generative moment, was Christianity in fact as well as in its self-awareness, a species of Judaism? Contributors from several countries are currently engaged in collaborative study in James and early Jewish Christianity. &lt;i&gt;James the Just and Christian Origins&lt;/i&gt; is the first of several planned volumes to be published.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Table of Contents &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bruce Chilton: Introduction&lt;br /&gt;Philip Davies: James in the Qumran scrolls&lt;br /&gt;Peter H. Davids: &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Palestine&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; traditions in the Epistle of James&lt;br /&gt;Jacob Neusner: Vow-taking, the Nazirites, and the Law: Does James’ advice to Paul accord with Halakah?&lt;br /&gt;Scot McKnight: A parting within the Way: Jesus and James on &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Israel&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; and purity&lt;br /&gt;William R. Farmer: James the Lord’s brother, according to Paul&lt;br /&gt;Marcus Bockmuehl: &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Antioch&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; and James the Just&lt;br /&gt;Richard J. Bauckham: For what offence was James put to death?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 100%;"&gt;Craig A. Evans: Jesus and James: Martyrs of the Temple&lt;br /&gt;Bruce Chilton: Conclusions and questions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;i&gt;...Un ouvrage précieux pour la connaissance d&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;une figure clé des origines du christianisme et du lien de ce dernier avec le judaïsme.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Elian Cuvillier, &lt;i&gt;Etudes Theologiques et Religieuses&lt;/i&gt;, 2001.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;...the overall contribution of this volume is significant and to be welcomed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 100%;"&gt;John Painter, &lt;i&gt;Journal of Theological Studies&lt;/i&gt;, 2001.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;i&gt;The volume edited by Chilton and Evans is an excellent contribution to that secondary material…The volume is highly useful for those who want to explore such issues in greater depth.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C. Freeman Sleeper, &lt;i&gt;Interpretation, a Journal of Bible and Theology&lt;/i&gt;, 2001.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;&lt;span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;Par la qualité et la complémentarité […] cet ouvrage constitue un apport majeur…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;&lt;span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 100%;"&gt;Paul-Hubert Poirier, &lt;i&gt;Laval théologique et philosophique&lt;/i&gt;, 2000.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 100%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;style&gt; st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal  {mso-style-parent:"";  margin:0cm;  margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink  {color:blue;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed  {color:purple;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} @page Section1  {size:595.3pt 841.9pt;  margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt;  mso-header-margin:35.4pt;  mso-footer-margin:35.4pt;  mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1  {page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;James the Just&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mystae.com/restricted/reflections/messiah/church.html"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;http://www.mystae.com/restricted/reflections/messiah/church.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;"The disciples said to Jesus, &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;We know that you are going to leave us. &lt;/span&gt;Who will be our leader?&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Jesus said to them, &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;No matter where you are, you are to go to James the Just, for whose sake heaven and earth came into being.&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;"&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Thomas Logion 12&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;James title, the Just or "Righteous One" (Zaddik) was borne by &lt;a href="http://www.mystae.com/restricted/reflections/messiah/kingdom.html#Foundation"&gt;claimants to the High Priesthood&lt;/a&gt;, a lineage that dated back to the time of King David. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;In the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mystae.com/restricted/reflections/messiah/testament.html#Hebrews"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Gospel of the Hebrews&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;, "the account of the resurrection is unique in that James is the first believer to see the risen Jesus (see &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mystae.com/restricted/reflections/messiah/spirit.html"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;1 Cor 15:7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;), not Peter or Mary of Magdala, as in the other gospels."&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;The Complete Gospels, Robert J. Miller (Ed.), p. 434 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;"The Lord, after he had given the linen cloth to the priest&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;s slave, went to James and appeared to him. (Now James had sworn not to eat bread from the time that he drank from the Lord&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;s cup until he would see him raised from among those who sleep.) Shortly after this the Lord said, &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;Bring a table and some bread.&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;And Immediately it is added: He took the bread, blessed it, broke it, and gave it to James the Just and said to him, &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;My brother, eat your bread, for the Son of Adam has been raised from among those who sleep."&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;- Gospel of the Hebrews 9:1-4&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;In the gospels, the order in which the Apostles saw the risen Jesus usually indicated the apostolic succession - which depended on which community the gospel originated from. &lt;/span&gt;(Peter, of course, was the first Apostle according to the synoptics and Paul.) James, the brother of Jesus, is mentioned in the gospels of Mark and Luke, but not Matthew and John. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;James is an English rendition of the Hebrew Jacob by which he would have been known by his Jewish contemporaries. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;"Tyndale was...a good Oxford-Cambridge trained Greek scholar and based his translation on the 3rd (1522) edition of Erasmus&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; Greek text (which later was to be called the textus receptus). &lt;/span&gt;He consistently rendered the Greek IAKOBOS as &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;James.&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; Thus, in the first chapter of &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;The epistle off Paul unto the Gallathyans&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; he has Paul say: &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;Then after thre yeare I returned to Jerusalem and abode with hym xv dayes / non other off the Apostles sawe I / save James the lordes brother.&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"It should be noted that the text was printed on the continent in German Gothic script, so there was as yet no distinction between a capital &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;I&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; &amp;amp; a capital &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;J.&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; Thus, Tyndale really rendered IAKOBOS as IAMES."&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;- Mahlon Smith (CrossTalk)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*30&lt;/span&gt; The first used of James in place of Jacob may have occurred in John Wycliff&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;s English translation of the Bible ca. 1375 CE &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;The original Jacob is transliterated from the Egyptian as&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Iakeb&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Aarhu &lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Mer &lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;User &lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Ra&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Great North Wind &lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;On the Ladder &lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Beloved &lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Strong in &lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;God&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;"He was attested king of Egypt by hundreds of scarabs during the Hyksos occupation of the Second Intermediate Period and is immediately followed in the King lists by Aa Pehti Set (also attested from other monuments), another Hyksos king whom Ra Meses II honored with a Stela celebrating the 400th aniversary of that king&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;s accession as the founder of the dyansty. &lt;/span&gt;Ra Meses II erected it about Year 50 of his reign."&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;- Tom Simms (CrossTalk)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;"Control of the Church passed to the apostles, together with the Lord&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;s brother James , whom everyone ... has called the Righteous..." &lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;- Eusebius (quoting Hegesippus, an early second century Jewish Christian writer), Ecclesiastical History, 2.23&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;The title "Righteous One" was apparently mistranslated into Greek as "Sadduc" or "Zadok" and was a term particularly associated with the Davidic Messiah. &lt;/span&gt;Sadduc was also the name given by Josephus to the &lt;a href="http://www.mystae.com/restricted/reflections/messiah/kingdom.html#Sadduc"&gt;co-founder of the Zealots&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;"As Eisenman [Maccabees, Zadokites, Christians and Qumran] demonstrates, the legitimacy of the high priesthood - of Zadok or of the Zadok - was resuscitated by the &lt;a href="http://www.mystae.com/restricted/reflections/messiah/maccabees.html"&gt;Maccabeans&lt;/a&gt;, the last dynasty of Judaic kings, who ruled Israel from the second century BC until Herodian times and the Roman occupation."&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; - Baigent, Leigh and Lincoln, The Messianic Legacy &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;"...James title, &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;Bishop of Jerusalem&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;, and the description of him in almost all early Church sources as &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;high priest&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;, reverberates with the materials before us here..."&lt;br /&gt;"...James the Just (the &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;Zaddik&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;/Zadok&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;) [was] the leader of the so-called &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;Jerusalem Community&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; from the 40s to the 60s C.E. - what has retrospectively come to be called &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;Jewish Christianity&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; in Palestine." - Robert Eisman and Michael Wise, The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;"In the place where you are to go, go to James the Righteous One for whose sake heaven and Earth came into existence."&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;- Thomas 12 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;"Then he said: &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;The God of our fathers has chosen you to know his will and to see the Righteous One and to hear words from his mouth.&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;"&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt; &lt;/span&gt;- Acts 22:14 (referring to James)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Quoting Hegasippus, Eusebius states that James &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;the Righteous&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;was holy from his birth&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;..." -&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Baigent and Leigh, The Dead Sea Scrolls Deception &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Hegasippus also desribed him as a "&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mystae.com/restricted/reflections/messiah/way.html#Nazirite"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Nazirite&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;".&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;"He drank no wine...ate no animal food; no razor came near his head; he did not smear himself with oil, and took no baths. He alone was permitted to enter the Holy Place [the Holy of Holies in the temple], for his garments were not of wool but of linen [i.e., priestly robes]. He used to enter the Sanctuary alone, and was often found on his knees beseeching forgiveness for the people, so that his knees grew hard like a camels...because of unsurpassable righteousness, he was called the Righteous and...&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;Bulwark of the people&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;..."&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;- Eusebius, The History of the Church 2,23&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mystae.com/restricted/reflections/messiah/church.html"&gt;http://www.mystae.com/restricted/reflections/messiah/church.html&lt;/a&gt; - James is an English rendition of the Hebrew Jacob by which he would have been known by his Jewish contemporaries. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;"Tyndale was...a good Oxford-Cambridge trained Greek scholar and based his translation on the 3rd (1522) edition of Erasmus&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; Greek text (which later was to be called the textus receptus). &lt;/span&gt;He consistently rendered the Greek IAKOBOS as &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;James.&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; Thus, in the first chapter of &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;The epistle off Paul unto the Gallathyans&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; he has Paul say: &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;Then after thre yeare I returned to Jerusalem and abode with hym xv dayes / non other off the Apostles sawe I / save James the lordes brother.&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"It should be noted that the text was printed on the continent in German Gothic script, so there was as yet no distinction between a capital &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;I&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; &amp;amp; a capital &lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;J.&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; Thus, Tyndale really rendered IAKOBOS as IAMES."&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;- Mahlon Smith (CrossTalk)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype downloadurl="http://www.microsoft.com" name="PersonName" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;style&gt; st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal  {mso-style-parent:"";  margin:0cm;  margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink  {color:blue;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed  {color:purple;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} @page Section1  {size:612.0pt 792.0pt;  margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt;  mso-header-margin:35.4pt;  mso-footer-margin:35.4pt;  mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1  {page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.moshereiss.org/messenger/04_jacobandesau/04_jacobandesau.html"&gt;http://www.moshereiss.org/messenger/04_jacobandesau/04_jacobandesau.html&lt;/a&gt; - Moshe Reiss - &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;JACOB AND ESAU AND RACHEL AND LEAH - *31 Jacob&lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:personname st="on" style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;s Ladder&lt;/span&gt; by Mark Chagall&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;The Way of Saint James -&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; Flip Book &amp;amp; full TXT versions: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Go to the &lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;Flip Book&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt; or &lt;a href="http://www.archive.org/stream/wayofsaintjames01kinguoft"&gt;Read Online&lt;/a&gt; for easy reading or the &lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;TXT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt; version for quick browsing: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.archive.org/details/wayofsaintjames01kinguoft"&gt;http://www.archive.org/details/wayofsaintjames01kinguoft&lt;/a&gt; - Vol.1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.archive.org/details/wayofsaintjames02kinguoft"&gt;&lt;span lang="NL"&gt;http://www.archive.org/details/wayofsaintjames02kinguoft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;- Vol. 2&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.archive.org/details/wayofsaintjames03kinguoft"&gt;&lt;span lang="NL"&gt;http://www.archive.org/details/wayofsaintjames03kinguoft&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;- Vol. 3&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;*33 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;three obstacles to the reconstruction of early Christian history &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;style&gt; v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} &lt;/style&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="country-region" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="City" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="PlaceType" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="PlaceName" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="place" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype name="PersonName" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;style&gt; st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face  {font-family:"Trebuchet MS";  panose-1:2 11 6 3 2 2 2 2 2 4;  mso-font-charset:0;  mso-generic-font-family:swiss;  mso-font-pitch:variable;  mso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal  {mso-style-parent:"";  margin:0cm;  margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} h3  {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;  margin-right:0cm;  mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;  margin-left:0cm;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  mso-outline-level:3;  font-size:13.5pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";  font-weight:bold;} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink  {color:blue;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed  {color:purple;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} p  {mso-margin-top-alt:auto;  margin-right:0cm;  mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;  margin-left:0cm;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1  {size:612.0pt 792.0pt;  margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt;  mso-header-margin:35.4pt;  mso-footer-margin:35.4pt;  mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1  {page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;The Second Church.doc Popular Christianity A.D. 200-400 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Van Bryn Mawr Classical Review [bmcreview=brynmawr.edu@mcsv3.net]; namens; Bryn Mawr Classical Review [bmcreview@brynmawr.edu]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;Aan &lt;a href="mailto:pelgrim.geert@casema.nl"&gt;pelgrim.geert@casema.nl&lt;/a&gt; - Datem di 13-10-2009 16:42 -&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; Onderwerp BMCR 2009.10.24: Ramelli on MacMullen, The &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;Second&lt;/st1:placename&gt; &lt;st1:placetype st="on"&gt;Church&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;. Popular Christianity A.D. 200-400&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: '; font-size: 100%;"&gt;Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2009.10.24 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;hr align="center" size="2" width="100%" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Ramsay MacMullen, &lt;i&gt;The &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;Second&lt;/st1:placename&gt; &lt;st1:placetype st="on"&gt;Church&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;. Popular Christianity A.D. 200-400. Writings from the Greco-Roman World Supplements 1&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2009. Pp. xii, 210. ISBN 978-158983403-3. $24.95 (pb). &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;hr align="left" size="2" width="50%" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Reviewed by Ilaria L.E. Ramelli, &lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;Catholic&lt;/st1:placename&gt; &lt;st1:placetype st="on"&gt;University&lt;/st1:placetype&gt; of the Sacred Heart, &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Milan&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; (ilaria.ramelli@virgilio.it )&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;This fascinating book presents us with a picture of popular Christianity in the third and fourth centuries, that is, Christianity as it was lived by masses. These were the vast majority of the Christians, as opposed to intellectuals, bishops, and upper classes in general. Their faith expressed itself in ways that are recoverable not only from hints in Patristic writings, but also through alternative channels, especially archaeological. MacMullen, a Roman historian, allows a great deal of everyday Christian life and cult throughout the empire to emerge from darkness. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;In the preface (vii-xii) the author indicates &lt;span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;[*33] &lt;/span&gt;three obstacles to the reconstruction of early Christian history that generally emerges from historians&lt;st1:personname st="on"&gt;'&lt;/st1:personname&gt; accounts. One is that often there is too much focus only on &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Rome&lt;/st1:city&gt; and &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Italy&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;, and in general Latin provinces, even though Patristics is dominated by Greek, and even in &lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Rome&lt;/st1:city&gt; and &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;Italy&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; most Christians spoke Greek, which was also for a long time the liturgical language. Another obstacle, related to this, is that scholarship in languages such as Russian or modern Greek is usually overlooked. The third obstacle is that attention has been paid to outstanding figures of Fathers and theologians, while Christian masses have been entirely neglected. The written record, which privileges elite Christianity, can be tested, and if necessary corrected, mainly by archaeology. Of course I should warn that the interpretation of archaeological data is crucial in turn, and requires a good deal of competence, but this requirement is certainly met by the author. [...] &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"&gt;* 34 "It is all a part of one and the same great truth!" &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal  {mso-style-parent:"";  margin:0cm;  margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";  mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink  {color:blue;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed  {color:purple;  text-decoration:underline;  text-underline:single;} @page Section1  {size:595.3pt 841.9pt;  margin:1.0cm 34.0pt 33.45pt 1.0cm;  mso-header-margin:35.45pt;  mso-footer-margin:35.45pt;  mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1  {page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://pilgrimagetoheresy.blogspot.com/2009/10/cult-of-st-james-begins.html#comments"&gt;http://pilgrimagetoheresy.blogspot.com/2009/10/cult-of-st-james-begins.html#comments&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;... quest continued ... on the early history of Saint James, following:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pilgrimage-to-santiago.com/board/miscellaneous-about-santiago/topic3794.html#p20649"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pilgrimage-to-santiago.com/board/miscellaneous-about-santiago/topic3794.html#p20649"&gt;The Santiago Enigma&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pilgrimage-to-santiago.com/board/miscellaneous-about-santiago/topic3794.html#p20649"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pilgrimage-to-santiago.com/board/miscellaneous-about-santiago/topic3794.html#p20649"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 116%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;How jewish Ja'akov became roman Jacobus and catholic James&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pilgrimage-to-santiago.com/board/spirituality-and-religion/topic6628.html#p38839"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;History of Saint James&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt; :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pilgrimage-to-santiago.com/board/spirituality-and-religion/topic6628.html#p38839"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Would the simple answer be: there is no answer?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://pilgrimsplaza-de-ware-jacob.blogspot.com/2009/08/pilgrimsplaza-de-ware-jacob.html"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;De ware Jacob - The true James &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Main question still open&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://king-early-days.blogspot.com/2008/03/santiago-enigma.html"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;The Santiago Enigma - the early days&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt; :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://king-early-days.blogspot.com/2008/03/santiago-enigma.html"&gt; &lt;span style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://king-early-days.blogspot.com/2008/03/santiago-enigma.html"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;The disciples were called Christians first at Antioch. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://king-early-days.blogspot.com/"&gt;http://king-early-days.blogspot.com &lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; Anybody can watch something very special in the Pórtico de la Gloria. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pilgrimage-to-santiago.com/board/search.php?author_id=2623&amp;amp;sr=posts"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;Search user’s posts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;on the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a accesskey="h" class="icon-home" href="http://www.pilgrimage-to-santiago.com/board/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;Camino de Santiago Forum &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;----------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 85%;"&gt;home: &lt;a href="http://www.pelgrimspaden.nl/"&gt;http://www.pelgrimspaden.nl/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;v:stroke joinstyle="miter"&gt;&lt;v:formulas&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;&lt;v:path connecttype="rect" extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t"&gt;&lt;o:lock aspectratio="t" ext="edit"&gt;&lt;v:imagedata href="http://ia310816.us.archive.org/GnuBook/GnuBookImages.php?zip=/3/items/dieanfngeunser00wernuoft/dieanfngeunser00wernuoft_jp2.zip&amp;amp;file=dieanfngeunser00wernuoft_jp2/dieanfngeunser00wernuoft_0007.jp2&amp;amp;scale=8" src="file:///M:%5CWINDOWS%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.jpg"&gt;&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/o:lock&gt;&lt;/v:path&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:formulas&gt;&lt;/v:stroke&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/614362035944619852-3287350106297948089?l=the-santiago-enigma-continued.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://the-santiago-enigma-continued.blogspot.com/feeds/3287350106297948089/comments/default' title='Reacties plaatsen'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://the-santiago-enigma-continued.blogspot.com/2009/09/following-santiago-enigma-on-httpwww.html#comment-form' title='1 reacties'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/614362035944619852/posts/default/3287350106297948089'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/614362035944619852/posts/default/3287350106297948089'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://the-santiago-enigma-continued.blogspot.com/2009/09/following-santiago-enigma-on-httpwww.html' title='The Santiago Enigma - quest continued ...'/><author><name>pelgrim Geert</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11858320793403286238</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='28' height='32' src='http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6260/1568/1600/GB%20receptie3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_ipijmPJzOQ4/Srf_HR5SC_I/AAAAAAAABBI/QPqdy2UyyZY/s72-c/GnuBookImages.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry></feed>
